TEAS AP

🧠 TEAS A&P – RAPID CRAM SHEET

🧬 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (ALWAYS TESTED)

👉 Order (small → large):

• Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

❗ Common Question

Q: What is the basic unit of life?
A: Cell

🧪 HOMEOSTASIS

• Body maintaining stable internal environment

⚡ Feedback Loops

• Negative feedback → reverses change (MOST COMMON)

  • Example: body temperature

• Positive feedback → amplifies change

  • Example: childbirth contractions

🧠 NERVOUS SYSTEM

⚡ Structure

• Central Nervous System (CNS) → brain + spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) → nerves

⚡ Brain Parts

• Cerebrum → thinking, memory, voluntary movement

• Cerebellum → balance, coordination

• Brainstem → breathing, heart rate

⚡ Neurons

• Carry electrical signals

❗ Common Questions

Q: What controls involuntary actions like breathing?
A: Brainstem

❤ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

⚡ Heart Pathway (MEMORIZE)

👉 Blood flow:

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body

⚡ Blood Types

• RBCs → oxygen

• WBCs → immunity

• Platelets → clotting

⚡ Oxygen Transport

• Carried by hemoglobin

❗ Common Questions

Q: Which chamber pumps to body?
A: Left ventricle

🫁 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

⚡ Pathway

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → lungs

⚡ Gas Exchange

• Occurs in alveoli

• O₂ in, CO₂ out

❗ Common Question

Q: Where does gas exchange occur?
A: Alveoli

🍽 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

⚡ Pathway

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

⚡ Key Functions

• Stomach → acid + breakdown

• Small intestine → absorption (MOST important)

• Large intestine → water absorption

❗ Common Question

Q: Where are nutrients absorbed?
A: Small intestine

💧 URINARY SYSTEM

⚡ Function

• Removes waste

• Maintains fluid & electrolyte balance

⚡ Organs

• Kidneys → filter blood

• Ureters → carry urine

• Bladder → stores urine

❗ Common Question

Q: Functional unit of kidney?
A: Nephron

💪 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

⚡ Types

• Skeletal → voluntary

• Smooth → involuntary (organs)

• Cardiac → heart

❗ Common Question

Q: Which muscle is involuntary?
A: Smooth or cardiac

🦴 SKELETAL SYSTEM

⚡ Functions

• Support

• Protection

• Blood cell production

⚡ Bone Marrow

• Produces blood cells

❗ Common Question

Q: Where are blood cells made?
A: Bone marrow

🛡 IMMUNE SYSTEM

⚡ Defense Types

• Innate → immediate

• Adaptive → specific

⚡ Cells

• WBCs fight infection

❗ Common Question

Q: What fights infection?
A: White blood cells

🧴 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin, hair, nails

⚡ Functions

• Protection

• Temperature regulation

❗ Common Question

Q: Largest organ?
A: Skin

🧪 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

⚡ Hormones (chemical messengers)

Key Glands:

• Pituitary → “master gland”

• Thyroid → metabolism

• Adrenal → stress

❗ Common Question

Q: What controls other glands?
A: Pituitary gland

👶 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

⚡ Male

• Testes → sperm

⚡ Female

• Ovaries → eggs

❗ Common Question

Q: Where does fertilization occur?
A: Fallopian tubes

🧠 KEY VOCAB (FAST RECALL)

• Homeostasis = balance

• Metabolism = chemical reactions in body

• Diffusion = high → low

• Osmosis = water movement

• ATP = energy

🚨 MUST-KNOW CONNECTIONS

• Respiratory + cardiovascular → oxygen delivery

• Digestive + circulatory → nutrients to body

• Nervous + endocrine → control systems

⚡ 10-SECOND MEMORY DUMP

• Cell = life

• Brainstem = vital functions

• Left ventricle = body

• Alveoli = gas exchange

• Small intestine = absorption

• Kidney = filter

• Nephron = unit

• Skin = largest organ

• Pituitary = master gland

• WBC = immunity

🎯 WHAT TEAS LOVES TO ASK

Focus here:

• Organ functions

• System interactions

• Blood flow through heart

• Gas exchange

• Hormones & glands

• Muscle types

• Bone marrow

• Nephron

• Homeostasis 

🧭 Anatomical Terminology

Body Regions (Examples)

• Cephalic – head

• Cranial – skull

• Facial – face

• Frontal – forehead

• Occipital – base of skull

• Orbital/Ocular – eyes

• Nasal – nose

• Oral – mouth

• Cervical – neck

• Thoracic – chest

• Sternal – breastbone

• Axillary – armpit

• Brachial – arm

• Carpal – wrist

• Palmar – palm

• Digital/Phalangeal – fingers/toes

• Abdominal – abdomen

• Umbilical – navel

• Femoral – thigh

• Patellar – front knee

• Popliteal – back knee

• Tarsal – ankle

• Plantar – sole of foot

• Calcaneal – heel

Directional Terms

• Anterior – front

• Posterior – back

• Superior – toward head

• Inferior – toward feet

• Medial – toward midline

• Lateral – away from midline

• Proximal – closer to trunk

• Distal – farther from trunk

Body Planes

• Sagittal (Median) – divides left/right

• Frontal (Coronal) – divides front/back

• Transverse – divides top/bottom

🫁 Respiratory System

Structure

• Nose → Nasal cavity

• Mouth

• Pharynx (throat)

• Larynx (voice box)

• Trachea (windpipe)

• Bronchi → Bronchioles

• Alveoli (gas exchange)

• Lungs:

  • Right = 3 lobes

  • Left = 2 lobes (space for heart)

Function

• Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

• Gas exchange in alveoli

• Maintains blood pH

Breathing Mechanics

• Inhalation: diaphragm contracts ↓ volume ↑ → air in

• Exhalation: diaphragm relaxes ↑ volume ↓ → air out

Common Issues

• Asthma (airway narrowing)

• Pneumonia, bronchitis

• Smoking damage

• Pollution/allergies

❤ Cardiovascular System

Components

• Heart

• Blood vessels:

  • Arteries (oxygen-rich)

  • Veins (oxygen-poor)

  • Capillaries (exchange)

• Blood

Heart Structure

• 4 chambers:

  • Right atrium/ventricle

  • Left atrium/ventricle

• Septum separates sides

Cardiac Cycle

• Systole (contraction) → “lub”

• Diastole (relaxation) → “dub”

Electrical System

• SA node (60–100 bpm) – primary pacemaker

• AV node (40–60 bpm)

• Purkinje fibers (20–40 bpm)

Blood Flow

1. Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body

2. Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs

Functions

• Transport oxygen/nutrients

• Remove waste

• Regulate:

  • Blood pressure

  • Temperature

  • pH

• Immune support & hormone transport

🍽 Digestive System

GI Tract

• Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum

Process

1. Mouth: chewing + enzymes

2. Esophagus: peristalsis

3. Stomach: acid + enzymes

4. Small intestine: digestion & absorption

5. Large intestine: water absorption

6. Rectum: waste storage

Accessory Organs

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

• Salivary glands

Key Hormones

• Gastrin – stomach acid

• CCK – enzyme/bile release

• Secretin – bicarbonate

• Insulin – lowers blood sugar

• Glucagon – raises blood sugar

• Bile – fat breakdown

🧠 Nervous System

Divisions

• CNS: brain + spinal cord

• PNS: nerves

Neuron Structure

• Cell body

• Dendrites (receive signals)

• Axon (send signals)

• Myelin sheath (speed)

• Synapse (gap between neurons)

Types

• Sensory (afferent)

• Motor (efferent)

Systems

• Autonomic (involuntary)

• Somatic (voluntary)

💪 Muscular System

Types

1. Skeletal – voluntary, striated

2. Cardiac – heart, involuntary, striated

3. Smooth – organs, involuntary, non-striated

Functions

• Movement

• Force generation

• Works with nervous system

⚧ Reproductive System

Male

• Testes → sperm/testosterone

• Epididymis → storage

• Vas deferens → transport

• Seminal vesicles → nourishment

• Prostate → fluid

• Penis

Female

• Ovaries → eggs/hormones

• Fallopian tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

• Vulva

Hormones

• GnRH → triggers FSH & LH

• FSH → egg development

• LH → ovulation

• Estrogen → female traits

• Testosterone → male traits

🧴 Integumentary System

Structure

• Skin layers:

  • Epidermis

  • Dermis

  • Hypodermis

Functions

• Protection

• Temperature regulation

• Sensation

• Excretion (sweat)

🧪 Endocrine System

Glands & Hormones

• Pituitary – “master gland”

• Thyroid – metabolism

• Parathyroid – calcium

• Adrenal – fight/flight

• Pancreas – insulin/glucagon

• Thymus – immune

Functions

• Growth

• Metabolism

• Reproduction

• Mood

Feedback Loops

• Positive: amplifies (e.g., childbirth)

• Negative: stabilizes (e.g., blood sugar)

🚽 Urinary System

Structure

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Bladder

• Urethra

Function

• Filter blood → produce urine

• Maintain fluid balance

Key Unit

• Nephron:

  • Glomerulus → filtration

  • Tubule → reabsorption

🛡 Immune System

Types

• Innate (first line):

  • Skin, mucus, inflammation

• Adaptive (second line):

  • WBCs, antibodies

Key Components

• Antigens

• T-cells (helper & cytotoxic)

• B-cells (antibodies)

• Memory cells

Immunity

• Passive – from another source

• Active – body produces

🦴 Skeletal System

Bone Types

• Long

• Short

• Flat

• Irregular

Structure

• Compact bone

• Spongy bone

• Bone marrow (blood cell production)

Functions

• Support

• Protection

• Movement (with muscles)

🔗 System Interactions (IMPORTANT)

• Muscular + Skeletal → movement

• Cardiovascular + Respiratory → gas exchange

• Urinary + Cardiovascular → blood filtration

• Endocrine + Reproductive → hormone control

• Nervous + Muscular → movement control

✅ Study Tips

• Focus on:

  • Structure + function of each system

  • Directional terms & planes

  • Hormones + key processes

• Practice labeling diagrams

• Memorize system interactions (common test questions)

If you want, I can turn this into:

• 📝 a quiz

• 🧠 flashcards

• 📊 a one-page cheat sheet

• 🎯 practice TEAS-style questions

Just tell me 👍

be in depth

Here are in-depth, fully expanded notes from your transcript. These go beyond simple summaries and explain how and why things work, which is exactly what you need to truly understand A&P and pass exams like the TEAS.

🧠 Anatomy & Physiology — Deep Study Notes

📌 1. Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

What You’re Expected to Know

You must understand:

• Structure (anatomy) → what something is

• Function (physiology) → what it does

• Relationships between systems (VERY important for exams)

🧭 2. Anatomical Terminology (CRITICAL FOUNDATION)

Why It Matters

All medical language is based on this. If you don’t know this, everything else becomes confusing.

🔹 Regional Terminology (Grouped for Memory)

Head & Neck

• Cephalic → entire head

• Cranial → skull

• Facial → face

• Frontal → forehead

• Occipital → back/base of skull

• Orbital/Ocular → eyes

• Nasal → nose

• Oral → mouth

• Mental → chin

• Cervical → neck

Torso

• Thoracic → chest

• Sternal → breastbone

• Mammary → breast

• Abdominal → abdomen

• Umbilical → navel

• Pelvic → pelvis

• Inguinal → groin

Back

• Scapular → shoulder blade

• Vertebral → spine

• Lumbar → lower back

• Sacral → between hips

• Gluteal → buttocks

Upper Limb

• Acromial → shoulder

• Axillary → armpit

• Brachial → upper arm

• Antebrachial → forearm

• Carpal → wrist

• Palmar → palm

• Digital/Phalangeal → fingers

Lower Limb

• Coxal → hip

• Femoral → thigh

• Patellar → front knee

• Popliteal → back knee

• Crural → shin

• Sural → calf

• Tarsal → ankle

• Pedal → foot

• Plantar → sole

• Calcaneal → heel

• Hallux → big toe

🔹 Directional Terms (HIGH-YIELD)

🔹 Body Planes

• Sagittal → left/right

• Frontal (Coronal) → front/back

• Transverse → top/bottom

👉 Exam trick: transverse is the ONLY horizontal plane.

🫁 3. Respiratory System (Gas Exchange + pH Control)

🔹 Core Function

• Bring in oxygen (O₂)

• Remove carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• Maintain blood pH

🔹 Structure Flow (Memorize This Path)

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli → Lungs

🔹 Alveoli (VERY IMPORTANT)

• Tiny air sacs shaped like grape clusters

• Surrounded by capillaries

• Site of gas exchange:

  • O₂ → blood

  • CO₂ → lungs

🔹 Mechanics of Breathing

Inhalation

• Diaphragm contracts ↓

• Thoracic cavity expands

• Pressure ↓ → air flows in

Exhalation

• Diaphragm relaxes ↑

• Volume ↓

• Pressure ↑ → air flows out

🔹 pH Regulation (High-Level Concept)

• CO₂ = acidic

• More breathing → less CO₂ → ↑ pH

• Less breathing → more CO₂ → ↓ pH

👉 This is how the body quickly corrects acid-base imbalances.

🔹 Disorders

• Asthma → airway constriction

• Bronchitis → inflammation

• Pneumonia → fluid in lungs

• Smoking → damages alveoli

❤ 4. Cardiovascular System (Transport System)

🔹 Heart Structure

4 chambers:

• Right atrium → receives deoxygenated blood

• Right ventricle → sends to lungs

• Left atrium → receives oxygenated blood

• Left ventricle → pumps to body (STRONGEST)

🔹 Blood Flow Path (HIGH-YIELD)

Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body

🔹 Blood Vessels

• Arteries → away from heart (usually oxygenated)

• Veins → toward heart (usually deoxygenated)

• Capillaries → exchange site

🔹 Cardiac Cycle

• Systole → contraction (“lub”)

• Diastole → relaxation (“dub”)

🔹 Electrical System (PACEMAKERS)

👉 SA node = natural pacemaker

🔹 Functions Beyond Transport

• Regulates blood pressure

• Controls temperature (vasodilation vs vasoconstriction)

• Maintains pH

• Transports hormones & immune cells

🍽 5. Digestive System (Breakdown + Absorption)

🔹 Digestion Types

• Mechanical → chewing

• Chemical → enzymes

🔹 Pathway

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum

🔹 Key Organs

Stomach

• Acid (HCl) kills bacteria

• Begins protein digestion

Small Intestine (MOST IMPORTANT)

• Main site of absorption

• Sections:

  • Duodenum

  • Jejunum

  • Ileum

Large Intestine

• Absorbs water

• Forms feces

🔹 Accessory Organs

• Liver → produces bile

• Gallbladder → stores bile

• Pancreas → enzymes + insulin

🔹 Key Hormones

• Gastrin → stomach acid

• CCK → bile + enzymes

• Secretin → neutralizes acid

• Insulin → lowers glucose

• Glucagon → raises glucose

🧠 6. Nervous System (Control System)

🔹 Divisions

• CNS → brain + spinal cord

• PNS → nerves

🔹 Neuron Structure

• Dendrites → receive signals

• Cell body → processes

• Axon → sends signals

• Myelin → speeds transmission

🔹 Types

• Sensory → to brain

• Motor → to muscles

🔹 Subsystems

• Autonomic → involuntary (heart rate, digestion)

• Somatic → voluntary (movement)

💪 7. Muscular System

🔹 Types

🔹 Key Concepts

• Muscles contract → create movement

• Controlled by nervous system

• Work with bones via tendons

⚧ 8. Reproductive System

🔹 Male

• Testes → sperm + testosterone

• Epididymis → storage

• Vas deferens → transport

🔹 Female

• Ovaries → eggs

• Uterus → fetal development

• Fallopian tubes → fertilization

🔹 Hormonal Control

• FSH → egg development

• LH → ovulation

• Estrogen → female traits

• Testosterone → male traits

🧴 9. Integumentary System (Skin)

🔹 Layers

1. Epidermis → protection

2. Dermis → nerves, vessels

3. Hypodermis → fat

🔹 Functions

• Protection

• Temperature regulation

• Sensation

• Excretion (sweat)

🧪 10. Endocrine System (Hormone Control)

🔹 Major Glands

• Pituitary → master gland

• Thyroid → metabolism

• Adrenal → stress response

• Pancreas → blood sugar

🔹 Feedback Systems

• Positive → amplifies (childbirth)

• Negative → stabilizes (glucose control)

🚽 11. Urinary System

🔹 Function

• Filters blood

• Removes waste

• Maintains fluid balance

🔹 Nephron (KEY UNIT)

• Glomerulus → filtration

• Tubule → reabsorption

🛡 12. Immune System

🔹 Defense Levels

1. Innate → immediate (skin, inflammation)

2. Adaptive → specific (antibodies)

🔹 Key Cells

• T cells → attack

• B cells → antibodies

• Memory cells → long-term immunity

🔹 Immunity Types

• Passive → temporary

• Active → long-lasting

🦴 13. Skeletal System

🔹 Bone Types

• Long

• Short

• Flat

• Irregular

🔹 Functions

• Support

• Protection

• Movement

• Blood cell production

🔗 14. System Integration (VERY HIGH-YIELD)

• Respiratory + Cardiovascular → gas exchange

• Nervous + Muscular → movement

• Endocrine + Reproductive → hormones

• Urinary + Cardiovascular → blood filtration

• Skeletal + Muscular → movement

🎯 Final High-Yield Tips

MUST MEMORIZE

• Directional terms

• Body planes

• Blood flow through heart

• Digestive pathway

• Neuron structure

• Hormones & functions

MUST UNDERSTAND

• System interactions

• Feedback mechanisms

• Gas exchange

• Muscle contraction

If you want next-level prep, I can:

• 🔥 Give you hard TEAS-style questions

• 🧠 Make active recall quizzes

• 📊 Build a 1-page cram sheet

• 🎯 Highlight most-tested topics only

Just tell me what you want 👍

make flashcard sets

Here are high-quality flashcard sets based on your transcript. They’re organized by system and written in a question → answer format for active recall (the best way to study).

🧠 FLASHCARD SET 1: Anatomical Terminology

Q: What does anterior mean?
A: Toward the front of the body

Q: What does posterior mean?
A: Toward the back of the body

Q: What does superior mean?
A: Toward the head

Q: What does inferior mean?
A: Toward the feet

Q: What does medial mean?
A: Toward the midline

Q: What does lateral mean?
A: Away from the midline

Q: What does proximal mean?
A: Closer to the trunk

Q: What does distal mean?
A: Farther from the trunk

Q: What plane divides the body into left and right halves?
A: Sagittal plane

Q: What plane divides front and back?
A: Frontal (coronal) plane

Q: What plane divides top and bottom?
A: Transverse plane

🫁 FLASHCARD SET 2: Respiratory System

Q: What is the main function of the respiratory system?
A: Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Q: What structures make up the respiratory system pathway?
A: Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Q: Where does gas exchange occur?
A: Alveoli

Q: What happens during inhalation?
A: Diaphragm contracts, volume increases, air enters

Q: What happens during exhalation?
A: Diaphragm relaxes, volume decreases, air exits

Q: Why does the left lung have 2 lobes?
A: To make room for the heart

Q: How does the respiratory system regulate pH?
A: By removing CO₂ (acidic gas)

❤ FLASHCARD SET 3: Cardiovascular System

Q: What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
A: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Q: What is the function of arteries?
A: Carry blood away from the heart

Q: What is the function of veins?
A: Carry blood toward the heart

Q: What is the function of capillaries?
A: Exchange nutrients and gases

Q: What is systole?
A: Heart contraction

Q: What is diastole?
A: Heart relaxation

Q: What is the normal SA node rate?
A: 60–100 bpm

Q: What happens if the SA node fails?
A: AV node takes over (40–60 bpm)

Q: What is the last backup pacemaker?
A: Purkinje fibers (20–40 bpm)

Q: What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
A: Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste

🍽 FLASHCARD SET 4: Digestive System

Q: Where does digestion begin?
A: Mouth

Q: What is mechanical digestion?
A: Physical breakdown of food

Q: What is chemical digestion?
A: Breakdown using enzymes

Q: What moves food through the esophagus?
A: Peristalsis

Q: What does the stomach do?
A: Stores food and begins protein digestion

Q: Where does most absorption occur?
A: Small intestine

Q: What does the large intestine do?
A: Absorbs water

Q: What does insulin do?
A: Lowers blood sugar

Q: What does glucagon do?
A: Raises blood sugar

Q: What does bile do?
A: Breaks down fats

🧠 FLASHCARD SET 5: Nervous System

Q: What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
A: CNS and PNS

Q: What is the function of the nervous system?
A: Transmit signals between body and brain

Q: What are the parts of a neuron?
A: Dendrites, cell body, axon

Q: What do dendrites do?
A: Receive signals

Q: What does the axon do?
A: Sends signals

Q: What is the autonomic system?
A: Involuntary control

Q: What is the somatic system?
A: Voluntary control

💪 FLASHCARD SET 6: Muscular System

Q: What are the 3 muscle types?
A: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Q: Which muscle is voluntary?
A: Skeletal

Q: Which muscle is found in the heart?
A: Cardiac

Q: Which muscle is non-striated?
A: Smooth

Q: What is the main function of muscles?
A: Movement

⚧ FLASHCARD SET 7: Reproductive System

Q: What do testes produce?
A: Sperm and testosterone

Q: What do ovaries produce?
A: Eggs and estrogen

Q: What does FSH do?
A: Stimulates egg development

Q: What does LH do?
A: Triggers ovulation

Q: What does testosterone do?
A: Develops male traits

🧴 FLASHCARD SET 8: Integumentary System

Q: What are the 3 skin layers?
A: Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Q: What is the function of the integumentary system?
A: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation

Q: How does the body cool itself?
A: Sweat and vasodilation

🧪 FLASHCARD SET 9: Endocrine System

Q: What is the master gland?
A: Pituitary gland

Q: What does the thyroid regulate?
A: Metabolism

Q: What does the pancreas regulate?
A: Blood sugar

Q: What is negative feedback?
A: Reverses a change

Q: What is positive feedback?
A: Amplifies a change

🚽 FLASHCARD SET 10: Urinary System

Q: What is the main function of the urinary system?
A: Filter blood and remove waste

Q: What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A: Nephron

Q: What does the glomerulus do?
A: Filters blood

🛡 FLASHCARD SET 11: Immune System

Q: What are the two immune defenses?
A: Innate and adaptive

Q: What is innate immunity?
A: First line of defense

Q: What is adaptive immunity?
A: Specific immune response

Q: What do antibodies do?
A: Bind and destroy antigens

Q: What do memory cells do?
A: Remember pathogens

🦴 FLASHCARD SET 12: Skeletal System

Q: What are the 4 bone types?
A: Long, short, flat, irregular

Q: What is the function of bones?
A: Support, protection, movement

Q: What produces blood cells?
A: Bone marrow

🎯 How to Use These Flashcards

• Go system by system

• Say answers out loud

• Mark ones you miss → review daily

• Mix sets once you improve (for exam readiness)

If you want, I can:

• Turn these into a Quizlet-style set

• Make harder application-based flashcards

• Create a test simulation (like TEAS)

Just tell me 👍

By removing CO₂ (acidic gas)

create teas questions

Got it — I’ll make TEAS-style questions (application-based, not just memorization) and include explanations so you understand why, not just what.

🧠 TEAS PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Anatomy & Physiology)

🫁 Respiratory System

1. A patient is breathing rapidly due to anxiety. What is the most likely effect on blood pH?

A. Decreased pH (more acidic)
B. Increased pH (more alkaline)
C. No change in pH
D. Increased carbon dioxide levels

Answer: B. Increased pH (more alkaline)
Explanation: Rapid breathing removes more CO₂. Since CO₂ is acidic, removing it makes the blood more alkaline (↑ pH).

2. Gas exchange occurs in which structure?

A. Bronchi
B. Trachea
C. Alveoli
D. Larynx

Answer: C. Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli are tiny sacs where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

❤ Cardiovascular System

3. Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle

Answer: D. Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle is the strongest chamber and pumps blood through the aorta to the body.

4. If the SA node fails, which structure takes over as pacemaker?

A. Purkinje fibers
B. AV node
C. Bundle of His
D. Aorta

Answer: B. AV node
Explanation: The AV node is the backup pacemaker (40–60 bpm).

🧭 Anatomical Terminology

5. The elbow is ______ to the wrist.

A. Distal
B. Proximal
C. Lateral
D. Inferior

Answer: B. Proximal
Explanation: Proximal = closer to the trunk.

6. Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

A. Sagittal
B. Transverse
C. Frontal
D. Oblique

Answer: C. Frontal
Explanation: Frontal (coronal) = front vs back.

🍽 Digestive System

7. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

A. Stomach
B. Large intestine
C. Small intestine
D. Esophagus

Answer: C. Small intestine
Explanation: The small intestine (especially jejunum) absorbs most nutrients.

8. What is the role of bile?

A. Break down proteins
B. Neutralize acid
C. Break down fats
D. Absorb water

Answer: C. Break down fats
Explanation: Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest.

🧠 Nervous System

9. What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?

A. Send signals away
B. Receive signals
C. Produce neurotransmitters
D. Protect the neuron

Answer: B. Receive signals
Explanation: Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons.

10. Which system controls involuntary actions like heart rate?

A. Somatic
B. Autonomic
C. Skeletal
D. Peripheral

Answer: B. Autonomic
Explanation: Autonomic = involuntary control.

💪 Muscular System

11. Which muscle type is voluntary?

A. Smooth
B. Cardiac
C. Skeletal
D. Visceral

Answer: C. Skeletal
Explanation: Skeletal muscles are consciously controlled.

🧪 Endocrine System

12. Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Cortisol
D. Epinephrine

Answer: B. Insulin
Explanation: Insulin helps cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar.

13. A rise in blood glucose triggers insulin release. This is an example of:

A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Passive transport
D. Diffusion

Answer: B. Negative feedback
Explanation: The body reverses the change (high glucose → lower glucose).

🚽 Urinary System

14. What is the main function of the nephron?

A. Store urine
B. Filter blood
C. Transport oxygen
D. Produce hormones

Answer: B. Filter blood
Explanation: Nephrons remove waste and reabsorb useful substances.

🛡 Immune System

15. Which cells remember pathogens for faster future response?

A. Red blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Memory cells
D. Neurons

Answer: C. Memory cells
Explanation: Memory cells allow quicker immune responses upon re-exposure.

🦴 Skeletal System

16. Which type of bone is found in the wrist?

A. Long
B. Flat
C. Short
D. Irregular

Answer: C. Short
Explanation: Carpals (wrist bones) are short bones.

🔥 Challenge Question (TEAS Level)

17. A patient has shallow breathing, causing CO₂ to build up. What happens to blood pH?

A. Increases (alkaline)
B. Decreases (acidic)
C. Stays the same
D. Becomes neutral

Answer: B. Decreases (acidic)
Explanation:
Less breathing → CO₂ builds up → more acid → lower pH (acidosis)