Intro to camelids - 2023 - Gateway

Introduction to South American Camelids

Overview

South American Camelids include domesticated and wild species native to South America. They are crucial for various functions in both their home environment and in the UK. The four primary species discussed include the Alpaca, Llama, Guanaco, and Vicuña.

Learning Outcomes

  1. Species Identification: Understanding the four species of South American Camelids and their roles in the UK environment.

  2. Anatomy: Recognizing key anatomical differences that distinguish South American Camelids from ruminants.

  3. Health Indicators: Identifying a healthy South American Camelid and understanding their typical behaviors.

  4. Handling Techniques: Knowing common handling and restraint techniques specific to these animals.

  5. Reproductive Patterns: Describing the reproductive seasonality of South American Camelids and how it correlates with routine management practices.

  6. Disease Awareness: Identifying key diseases that impact South American Camelids.

What are South American Camelids?

Definition

  • South American Camelids (SAC) are often referred to as New World Camelids and consist of four species:

    • Domesticated Species: Alpaca and Llama

    • Wild Species: Guanaco and Vicuña

Key Differences from Ruminants

Anatomy

  • Pseudoruminants: South American Camelids possess three stomach chambers (C1-3) and a large spiral colon used for water reabsorption.

  • Fibre Quality: Unlike ruminants such as sheep, they lack waterproofing and their coat is primarily fibre rather than fleece.

Habitat and Grouping

Natural Habitat

  • They are typically found in the Altiplano region, characterized by distinct climate and terrain factors.

  • Social Structures: South American Camelids naturally form herds, preferring to be in pairs or small groups, primarily segregated by sex or with castrated males alongside females.

Utilization of South American Camelids

In South America

  • Camelids are utilized for various purposes:

    • Clothing Production: Their fleece is processed into fabric.

    • Meat: An important food resource.

    • Transport: Used as pack animals.

    • Fuel: Their faeces are used as a fuel source.

    • Tourism: Their unique presence boosts local tourism.

In the UK

  • Classified as exotic, South American Camelids operate under different legislation than food-producing animals.

  • Population Statistics: Estimated alpaca numbers were around 8,000-10,000 in 2000 and have significantly increased to approximately 60,000 by 2023, with about 45,000 registered with the British Alpaca Society.

Common Species in the UK

Identification

  • A distinction between Alpacas and Llamas can be made easily. Alpacas are generally smaller, have a finer fleece and temperament, while Llamas are bigger and harder to manage.

  • Weight Reference: Alpacas weigh between 55-90 kg while Llamas range from 113-250 kg, indicating their size difference.

Terminology in Camelid Husbandry

  1. Males: Sire, Stud, Macho, Gelding.

  2. Females: Dam, Hembra.

  3. Young: Cria.

  4. Group Terms: A herd comprises camelids.

  5. Haircoat Terms: Fiber, fleece (not wool).

  6. Parturition: Refers to camelids' birthing process.

  7. Cushing: A posture adopted by camelids when sitting down.

Husbandry Focus on Alpacas

Housing Requirements

  • Shelter is essential in the UK; ideal conditions include:

    • Pasture Density: 5-7 alpacas per acre with a preference for mixed grass species.

    • Water Management: Keeping water sources clean, ensuring camelids' fondness for water is addressed.

    • Feeding: Adequate feeder space to prevent competition.

    • Dust Bath Areas: Appropriate terrain changes for grooming.

Behaviour of Alpacas

Vocalizations

  • Communication: They communicate through a variety of sounds, including humming or grumbling, with screaming indicating distress.

  • Defensive Behaviours: Limited to kicking, spitting, and spinning; they are primarily nasal breathers.

Handling South American Camelids

Guidelines

  1. Prey Animal Nature: Recognize they are easily spooked.

  2. Handling Approach: Quiet handling is crucial, ensuring gentle and calm interactions.

  3. Llama Caution: They can be much stronger and wilder due to less training background.

Breeding and Reproduction

Details

  • Gestation Length: Ranges from 11-13 months.

  • Mating Behaviour: Mating is prolonged and females are induced ovulators.

  • Birth Timing: Cria typically born in late morning to early afternoon with minimal dystocia risk.

Cria Care

  • Newborn crias must be dried quickly, ideally by sunlight, since dams cannot lick them. Colostrum intake is vital for health.

Routine Husbandry Procedures

  • Key husbandry tasks include:

    • Parasite Control: Regular monitoring and management are essential.

    • Body Condition Scoring: Assessing animal condition using varied methodologies.

    • Vaccination: Addressing clostridial diseases, ensuring proper vaccine protocols.

    • Dietary Supplements: Because of limited sunlight in the UK, vitamin D often needs to be supplemented.

Key Diseases of South American Camelids

Common Issues

  1. Worm Infestations: Special attention to Haemonchus.

  2. Skin Diseases: Including mites.

  3. Infectious Diseases: Clostridial diseases, Leptospirosis, TB, Orf and stress-related abortion occurrences.

Conclusion

Significant Insights

  • Ensuring proper husbandry and handling of South American Camelids directly impacts their health and welfare.

  • Control and prevention of diseases contribute to improved animal and public health outcomes.

  • Recognizing the environmental impact of camelid management is key to sustainable practices in farming and fibre production.