Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis:

Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Emerging Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance.

Atif FA, Mehnaz S, Qamar MF, Roheen T, Sajid MS, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Kashif M, Ben Said M. Vet Sci. 2021 Dec 8;8(12):312.

  • Epidemiology of Anaplasmosis

    • Anaplasmosis is a vector-borne disease that affects both animals and humans, primarily caused by Anaplasma platys (canine cyclic thrombocytopenia) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (granulocytic anaplasmosis).

    • A. platys mainly infects platelets in canines, characterized by symptoms like fever, lethargy, and thrombocytopenia.

    • A. phagocytophilum infects granulocytes and is zoonotic with cases reported worldwide.

  • Diagnosis

    • Diagnosis relies on recognizing clinical signs, blood smear microscopy for intracellular inclusions, and serological tests.

    • DNA sequencing is often necessary to confirm the specific strain due to serological cross-reactivity issues.

  • Control Strategies

    • Control involves detecting and managing vector populations (such as ticks) and preventing mechanical transmission.

    • Tetracyclines are effective treatments, although no universal vaccine exists.

    • Preventative measures include reducing tick exposure—especially during high-risk activities like hiking and gardening.

  • Clinical Findings

    • In dogs, Anaplasma infections result in variable symptoms, including fever, weakness, and splenomegaly.

    • In humans, symptoms of granulocytic anaplasmosis range from mild flu-like signs to severe conditions requiring hospitalization, with a mortality rate of 7–10%.

  • Global Epidemiology

    • Anaplasma phagocytophilum has been documented in multiple species across continents with varying prevalence based on geographic area and host factors.

    • Reports indicate fluctuating infection rates: 0.4% - 87.5% in dogs and 15-36% in humans under certain circumstances.