Unit 3 Psych

Here are the flashcards with terms on the front and clear, detailed explanations on the back:

1. Teratogens

Front: Teratogens
Back: Substances or environmental factors that can cause harm to a developing fetus, such as alcohol, drugs, or certain diseases.

2. Fine Motor Coordination

Front: Fine motor coordination
Back: The ability to use small muscle movements for precise tasks like writing, buttoning clothes, or picking up small objects.

3. Gross Motor Coordination

Front: Gross motor coordination
Back: The use of large muscle groups to perform tasks like walking, running, or jumping.

4. Maturation

Front: Maturation
Back: The biological process of growth and development, driven by genetics, that unfolds in a predictable sequence over time.

5. Reflexes

Front: Reflexes
Back: Involuntary and automatic movements or actions, such as blinking or the knee-jerk response.

6. Rooting Reflex

Front: Rooting reflex
Back: A newborn’s automatic response to turn their head and open their mouth when their cheek is touched, helping them locate a food source.

7. Visual Cliff

Front: Visual cliff
Back: An experimental setup to test depth perception in infants by using a glass-covered drop-off.

8. Critical Periods

Front: Critical periods
Back: Specific windows of time in development when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli or experiences.

9. Sensitive Periods

Front: Sensitive periods
Back: Times during development when learning or acquiring specific skills (like language) is easier but not impossible outside of the period.

10. Imprinting

Front: Imprinting
Back: A form of early learning where young animals form strong bonds with the first moving object or individual they see, often their mother.

11. Growth Spurt

Front: Growth spurt
Back: A rapid increase in height and weight during adolescence, typically associated with puberty.

12. Puberty

Front: Puberty
Back: The period of physical development during which the body becomes capable of reproduction.

13. Primary Sex Characteristics

Front: Primary sex characteristics
Back: Physical features directly involved in reproduction, such as the development of the reproductive organs.

14. Secondary Sex Characteristics

Front: Secondary sex characteristics
Back: Features that develop during puberty but are not directly related to reproduction, like deeper voice or breast development.

15. Menarche

Front: Menarche
Back: A female’s first menstrual period, signaling the onset of reproductive capability.

16. Spermarche

Front: Spermarche
Back: The first occurrence of ejaculation in males, signaling the start of reproductive capability.

17. Menopause

Front: Menopause
Back: The natural cessation of menstruation and the end of a woman’s reproductive years.

18. Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan

Front: Cognitive development across the lifespan
Back: The study of how thinking, problem-solving, and memory evolve from infancy to old age.

19. Schemas

Front: Schemas
Back: Mental frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information based on prior experience.

20. Assimilation

Front: Assimilation
Back: The process of integrating new information into existing schemas without changing them.

21. Accommodation

Front: Accommodation
Back: Adjusting existing schemas or creating new ones to incorporate new information.

22. Sensorimotor Stage

Front: Sensorimotor stage
Back: Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (birth to 2 years), where infants explore the world through senses and actions.

23. Object Permanence

Front: Object permanence
Back: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

24. Preoperational Stage

Front: Preoperational stage
Back: Piaget’s second stage (ages 2–7), characterized by symbolic thinking but limited by egocentrism and lack of logical reasoning.

25. Mental Symbols

Front: Mental symbols
Back: Representations of objects or ideas in the mind, like words or images.

26. Pretend Play

Front: Pretend play
Back: A type of play where children use imagination to create scenarios, often involving symbolic thinking.

27. Conservation

Front: Conservation
Back: The understanding that certain properties of objects remain constant, even if their form or appearance changes.

28. Reversibility

Front: Reversibility
Back: The understanding that actions can be reversed, such as realizing that water poured into a different container retains the same amount.

29. Animism

Front: Animism
Back: The belief that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, or intentions, common in young children.

30. Egocentrism

Front: Egocentrism
Back: A child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s perspective, typical in the preoperational stage.

31. Theory of Mind

Front: Theory of mind
Back: The ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one’s own.

32. Concrete Operational Stage

Front: Concrete operational stage
Back: Piaget’s third stage (ages 7–11), where children develop logical thinking about concrete events but struggle with abstract ideas.

33. Systematic Thinking

Front: Systematic thinking
Back: The ability to approach problems methodically, considering all possible solutions, which develops in adolescence.

34. Formal Operational Stage

Front: Formal operational stage
Back: Piaget’s fourth stage (12+ years), characterized by abstract, logical, and hypothetical thinking.

35. Abstract Thinking

Front: Abstract thinking
Back: The ability to think about ideas and concepts not tied to concrete physical objects or experiences.

36. Hypothetical Thinking

Front: Hypothetical thinking
Back: The ability to consider "what-if" scenarios and think about possible outcomes or situations.

37. Scaffolding (as it pertains to Vygotsky)

Front: Scaffolding
Back: A teaching method where support is gradually removed as a learner gains independence in mastering a skill.

38. Zone of Proximal Development

Front: Zone of proximal development
Back: Vygotsky’s concept of the range of tasks a learner can achieve with guidance but not yet independently.

39. Crystallized Intelligence

Front: Crystallized intelligence
Back: Knowledge and skills accumulated over time, such as vocabulary and general knowledge, which typically increase with age.

40. Fluid Intelligence

Front: Fluid intelligence
Back: The ability to solve new problems and think flexibly, which tends to decline with age.

41. Dementia

Front: Dementia
Back: A group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities, often caused by diseases like Alzheimer’s.

42. Phonemes

Front: Phonemes
Back: The smallest units of sound in a language, such as "b" or "t," that distinguish one word from another.

43. Morphemes

Front: Morphemes
Back: The smallest units of meaning in a language, such as "un-" or "happy."

44. Semantics

Front: Semantics
Back: The study of meaning in language, including the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.

45. Grammar

Front: Grammar
Back: The set of rules that govern how words and sentences are structured in a language.

46. Syntax

Front: Syntax
Back: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

47. Cooing

Front: Cooing
Back: The early stage of language development when infants make vowel-like sounds, such as "oo" and "ah."

48. Babbling

Front: Babbling
Back: The stage of language development where infants produce repetitive sounds, such as "ba-ba" or "da-da."

49. One-Word Stage

Front: One-word stage
Back: A stage in language development where children use single words to express entire thoughts or desires.

50. Telegraphic Speech

Front: Telegraphic speech
Back: Early speech stage where children use short, simple sentences, like “want cookie,” omitting smaller words.

51. Overgeneralization of Language Rules

Front: Overgeneralization of language rules
Back: Applying language rules too broadly, such as saying "goed" instead of "went."

52. Ecological Systems Theory

Front: Ecological systems theory
Back: Bronfenbrenner’s theory that development is influenced by multiple levels of environmental systems.

53. Microsystem

Front: Microsystem
Back: The immediate environment a person interacts with, such as family, school, and peers.

54. Mesosystem

Front: Mesosystem
Back: The interactions between different parts of a person’s microsystem, like a parent-teacher meeting.

55. Exosystem

Front: Exosystem
Back: The broader social systems that indirectly influence a person, such as a parent’s workplace.

56. Macrosystem

Front: Macrosystem
Back: The cultural values, laws, and societal norms that shape an individual’s development.

57. Chronosystem

Front: Chronosystem
Back: The dimension of time in Bronfenbrenner’s theory, considering how life events and historical contexts influence development.

58. Authoritarian Parenting

Front: Authoritarian parenting
Back: A strict parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, often emphasizing obedience and discipline over warmth.

59. Authoritative Parenting

Front: Authoritative parenting
Back: A balanced parenting style combining high expectations with warmth and responsiveness, encouraging independence while setting clear boundaries.

60. Permissive Parenting

Front: Permissive parenting
Back: A lenient parenting style with few demands or rules, often allowing children significant freedom with minimal guidance.

61. Attachment Styles

Front: Attachment styles
Back: Patterns of bonding and interaction formed in early childhood, influencing relationships later in life.

62. Secure Attachment

Front: Secure attachment
Back: A healthy attachment style where children feel safe and confident in their caregiver’s availability and support.

63. Insecure Attachment

Front: Insecure attachment
Back: An attachment style characterized by anxiety, avoidance, or difficulty trusting caregivers, often due to inconsistent caregiving.

64. Avoidant Attachment

Front: Avoidant attachment
Back: A form of insecure attachment where individuals suppress their need for closeness, often avoiding intimacy or emotional expression.

65. Anxious Attachment

Front: Anxious attachment
Back: A form of insecure attachment marked by fear of abandonment, clinginess, and excessive worry about relationships.

66. Disorganized Attachment

Front: Disorganized attachment
Back: A type of insecure attachment where behavior is inconsistent, often resulting from trauma or neglect.

67. Temperament

Front: Temperament
Back: An individual’s innate personality traits and emotional reactivity, present from birth and influencing behavior.

68. Separation Anxiety

Front: Separation anxiety
Back: Distress experienced by young children when separated from their primary caregivers.

69. Parallel Play

Front: Parallel play
Back: A type of play where children play side by side without directly interacting, common in toddlers.

70. Pretend Play

Front: Pretend play
Back: Imaginative play where children create scenarios, roles, or stories, often using symbolic thinking.

71. Imaginary Audience

Front: Imaginary audience
Back: A belief during adolescence that others are constantly watching and judging their behavior, stemming from heightened self-consciousness.

72. Personal Fable

Front: Personal fable
Back: The adolescent belief that they are unique, special, and invulnerable, often leading to risky behaviors.

73. Social Clock

Front: Social clock
Back: The culturally defined timeline for major life events, such as marriage, career, or retirement.

74. Emerging Adulthood

Front: Emerging adulthood
Back: The transitional period between adolescence and full adulthood (ages 18–25), marked by exploration and self-discovery.

75. Stage Theory of Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

Front: Stage theory of psychosocial development (Erikson)
Back: Erik Erikson’s theory that individuals pass through eight stages of social and emotional development, each with a unique conflict to resolve.

76. Trust and Mistrust

Front: Trust and mistrust
Back: Erikson’s first stage (infancy), where developing trust in caregivers leads to a sense of security, while mistrust leads to fear.

77. Autonomy and Shame and Doubt

Front: Autonomy and shame and doubt
Back: Erikson’s second stage (toddlerhood), where fostering independence builds confidence, while overcontrol leads to doubt.

78. Initiative and Guilt

Front: Initiative and guilt
Back: Erikson’s third stage (early childhood), where encouragement fosters initiative, while overcriticism creates guilt.

79. Industry and Inferiority

Front: Industry and inferiority
Back: Erikson’s fourth stage (school age), where success in tasks builds competence, while failure fosters feelings of inferiority.

80. Identity and Role Confusion

Front: Identity and role confusion
Back: Erikson’s fifth stage (adolescence), where individuals explore personal identity, with failure leading to confusion about their role in society.

81. Intimacy and Isolation

Front: Intimacy and isolation
Back: Erikson’s sixth stage (young adulthood), focusing on forming meaningful relationships or risking loneliness and isolation.

82. Generativity and Stagnation

Front: Generativity and stagnation
Back: Erikson’s seventh stage (middle adulthood), emphasizing contributing to society or feeling unproductive.

83. Integrity and Despair

Front: Integrity and despair
Back: Erikson’s eighth stage (late adulthood), reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.

84. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Front: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
Back: Traumatic events during childhood, such as abuse or neglect, that can negatively affect long-term health and development.

85. Achievement (Adolescent Development)

Front: Achievement (adolescent development)
Back: The identity status where individuals explore options and commit to meaningful goals and values.

86. Diffusion (Adolescent Development)

Front: Diffusion (adolescent development)
Back: A lack of direction or commitment, where individuals avoid exploring identity or making decisions.

87. Foreclosure (Adolescent Development)

Front: Foreclosure (adolescent development)
Back: Prematurely committing to an identity without exploring alternatives, often based on others’ expectations.

88. Moratorium (Adolescent Development)

Front: Moratorium (adolescent development)
Back: A period of active exploration without commitment, as individuals search for their identity.

89. Racial/Ethnic Identity

Front: Racial/ethnic identity
Back: A sense of belonging to a racial or ethnic group and understanding its cultural significance.

90. Sexual Orientation

Front: Sexual orientation
Back: An individual’s enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to others, such as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual orientations.

91. Religious Identity

Front: Religious identity
Back: A sense of belonging and commitment to specific religious beliefs, practices, or communities.

92. Occupational Identity

Front: Occupational identity
Back: How individuals define themselves based on their career choices and professional goals.

93. Familial Identity

Front: Familial identity
Back: A sense of self derived from one’s role and relationships within their family.

94. Possible Selves

Front: Possible selves
Back: The various identities an individual imagines they might achieve or fear becoming in the future.