THE ULTIMATE PLTW BIOMED EOC STUDY GUIDE

IF YOU KNOW THESE QUESTIONS THAN YOU WILL ACE YOUR EOC 🔥 🔥

Investigating the Scene

1. Name 5 pieces of evidence that might be obtained at a crime scene that could help solve the crime. (1.1.1)
   Five pieces of evidence that might be obtained at a crime scene to help solve the crime include hair, fingerprints, blood, notes, insects, and technology; these can each be used in forensic analysis.

2. What does a medical examiner look for when performing an autopsy? (1.2.1)
   A medical examiner looks for cuts, scrapes, wounds, organ failures, unusual marks, or any anomalies when performing an autopsy to determine the cause and manner of death.

3. What is the difference between manner of death and cause of death? (1.2.1)
   The manner of death is the category of how the death occurred, such as suicide, homicide, natural causes, or accident, whereas the cause of death is the specific disease or medical condition that resulted in the death.

4. If a body is found at 8 A.M. with a rectal temperature of 95.2 F, what is the time of death? (1.2.2)
   You subtract the average body temp with the body temp given, 98.6 - 95.2 = 3.4F, which indicates a decrease in body temperature of 3.4 degrees Fahrenheit per hour; thus, you can estimate the time of death as approximately 1.5 hours prior to discovery.

5. Draw and label the parts of a nucleotide. (1.1.5)
   A nucleotide comprises a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine) in DNA.

6. Name all four bases of DNA- which bases are structurally similar to one another? (1.1.5)

   The four DNA bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C); adenine and guanine are structurally similar as they both have purines, while thymine and cytosine are similar because they both have pyrimidines.

7. Which base is NOT present in RNA? (1.1.5)

   Uracil is not present in DNA; instead, it is present in RNA
   

8. Which are purines? Pyrimidines? (1.1.5)
   Purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G), while pyrimidines are thymine (T) and cytosine (C); these are the building blocks for RNA and DNA.

9. What do restriction enzymes do? (1.1.5)

   Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, which is essential for creating recombination DNA and for DNA fingerprinting.

10. What is the purpose of gel electroscopes? (1.1.6)

    Gel electroscopes is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, enabling scientists to analyze DNA for identification, genetic testing, and forensic analysis.

11. What way does DNA run on the gel? (1.1.6)

    The DNA runs on the gel because DNA is negatively charged while the electrode is positively charged.

12. How does DNA differ from person to person? (1.1.6)

    DNA differs from person to person by the different variations in the DNA bases (ATGC) and leads to unique characteristics.
    

13. Write the strand of DNA that would bind with this strand: GAATACGAT (1.1.5)

    CTTATGGCTA
    

14. Mark on this strand of DNA where the restriction enzyme Haelll would cut (GG-CC) The restriction enzyme HaeIII would cut the DNA strand wherever the sequence GGCC appears.

15. Parts of an experiment: Researchers have discovered a new drug that may inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells. To test the chemical, 1000,000 cancer cells are grown in vitro (petri dish) and then different concentrations of the drug are added according to the table below. To determine the effect of the drug on cancer cells, the number of dead cells was counted after 24 hours. (1.2.2)

    

    1. What is the independent variable? The Independent variable is the different concentrations of the drug.

    2. What is the dependent variable? The dependent variable is the number of dead cells counted after 24 hours

    3. What is the control group? The number of dead cells

16. What is an RFLP? How is it used in DNA analysis? (1.1.6)
    RFLP is a DNA analysis technique that cuts the DNA with restriction enzymes.

17. Restriction enzymes can be used to determine whether someone has the mutation for a genetic disease. The mutation of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is shown below:

        What restriction enzymes could be used to determine whether someone has FH?         (1.1.5)

    Restriction enzymes such as EcoRI, Hindlll, or BamHI could be used to determine weather someone has FH

18. You test patients for FH using the restriction enzyme selected above. The gel electrophoresis below shows the results. Fill in the genotypes for each lane: (1.1.6)

    

19. What does PCR stand for? What is the purpose of PCR? (1.1.5)

    Polymerase Chain Reaction is was PCR stands for. The purpose of PCR is to make millions of copies of a DNA segment.
    

 Blood Typing – Use 1.1.4 to answer!

20. What is the difference between presumptive and confirmatory tests? 

    Presumptive and confirmatory tests are both used in forensic science. Presumptive tests are to confirm if there is a presence of some sort of substance quickly. Confirmatory tests are to confirm what specific type of substance is presence.

21. What are the three types of presumptive tests? 

    The three types of presumptive tests include colormetric (substance turns certain color to indicate presence of a substance), Immunoassay (uses antibodies to detect substances), In-field tests (used by law enforcement to quickly determine substance).

22. Name and describe the role of each of the components of blood. Identify their alternative name! 

    1. Platelets - (Thrombocytes) Help in blood clotting.

    2. Red blood cells - (Erythrocytes) Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, back to the lungs.

    3. White blood cells - (Leukocytes) Defend the body agianst infection and disease.

    4. Plasma – (Liquid portion of the blood) Transport blood cells, nutrients, and waste products.

    5. Hemoglobin – (Protein in red blood cells) Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissue and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

    6. Hematocrit – (Percentage of red blood cells in blood) Measures the proportion of red blood cells in the blood.

23. What blood type is the universal donor?

    O negative donors

23. People with Type AB are considered the “universal recipient”, meaning that if they need blood, their bodies can accept blood of any other type. Why is this?

    Type AB are the universal recipients because they don’t have anti-A and anti-B antibodies that reject certain blood types.
    

24. You complete blood type testing and there is no agglutination with either anti-A or anti-B antibodies. What type of blood is present?

    Blood type O because in AB they are not presence, but they are presence in O.

Diabetes – Use 2.1.5 to answer!

27. Complete the following chart comparing Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes:
    

28. Decide whether the following examples are negative or positive feedback:

    1. When body temperature rises, you sweat, bringing your body temperature back to normal. Negative

    2. When you get cut, clotting factors come to the site, which attracts more and more clotting factors. Positive

    3. When oxygen levels get low in the body, respiration rate increases until oxygen levels return to normal. Negative

29. Diagram the feedback relationship of blood glucose and the hormones insulin and glucagon.

    Hormone insulin is released from the pancreas when blood glucose increases, stimulating glucose uptake by cells, which decreases blood glucose. The hormone glucagon is released by the pancreas when blood glucose decreases, stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, which increases blood glucose.

28. Define each term: 

    1. Lipid: A lipid is a molecule that is not soluble in water.
       

    2. Carbohydrate: A carbohydrate that is a molecule that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
       

    3. Protein: A protein is a molecule that consists of amino acids.
       

33. What is osmosis?

    Movement of water molecules from a solution of high concentration to low concentration.
    

34. Why are diabetics constantly dehydrated and urinating so often? Relate your answer to osmosis.

    Diabetics are constantly dehydrated and urinating often because they have high glucose levels in their blood, which leads to increased osmotic pressure.
    

35. List three complications of diabetes, give a brief description, identify why body system if affects.

    Three complications of diabetes include nerve damage, kidney disease, and eye disease. These complications are caused by an increase in blood pressure.
    

36. List three life-style changes diabetics can make to manager their disease.
    Eating healthy and managing their diets, Staying active and working out, checking on their blood pressure.

37. For each beaker:
    a) label solution as hypotonic, hyper, or isotonic

    Hypotonic- Has lower concentration

    Hyper- Excessive amount of concentration

    Isotonic- Same concentration as solute

    
    b) draw an arrow show water movement
    

    

38. What is hyperglycemia?

    Your body has too much sugar (glucose)
    

39. What is hypoglycemia?

    When your glucose levels drop too much and you do not have enough glucose
    

40. What is the diagnostic test used for diabetes? 

    A1C test, where is measures the average glucose levels over the pass 3 months.

Genetics/Pedigrees/Punnett Squares – Use 2.2.2/2.2.3/2.2.6 to answer!

41. Describe the process of protein synthesis using: DNA, mRNA, nucleus, ribosome, tRNA, amino acid, protein, transcription, translation.

    During transcription the DNA is copied in the messenger RNA (mRNA) within the nucleus. The mRNA then travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where translation occurs. In translation, the mRNA is read, and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules deliver specific amino acids to the ribosome, which then links them together to form a protein
    

42. Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA, then tRNA, and then translate it into an amino acid sequence:
    TAC GGG AGA CTA ATT

    

    
    

43. This process makes new body cells for repair & replacement. Mitosis

44. This process makes identical copies of the parent cell. Mitosis

41. This process creates sex cells of sperm and egg. Mieosis

41. Each body cell has 46 chromosomes. Each gamete has 23 chromosomes.

41. Why does sickle cell disease run in families, yet is not present in every generation?

    Sickle cell disease runs in families, but not present in every generation because the disease is autosomal recessive. The parents are carriers of the disease and will pass the disease onto their kids.
    

42. Best’s disease is a dominant disease. Draw a Punnett square to show the cross between a woman without Best’s disease and a man who has two alleles for Best’s disease. What is the chance they will have a child with Best’s disease?
    

43. Examine the pedigree below. Is this disease dominant or recessive?

    Dominant- The trait will show up in the kids if the inherit just one copy of the mutated gene.

    Recessive- The trait needs two copies of the mutated gene to inherit the disease.

    

41. Draw the pedigree for the following family. Label all known

    and put the individual’s name on the pedigree:  Jack and April are planning on having children. Each has a sister with Huntington’s disease, a dominant disorder. Neither Jack nor April has the disease, and neither of them has been tested to see if they have the Huntington’s trait. Jack’s father has Huntington’s disease and April’s mother was recently diagnosed with it.
    

42. What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia? Be specific about what gene is mutated and what protein is affected.

    Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder that causes levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) in blood that increase the chances of heart disease.

    HDL- “good” cholesterol because it works to remove excess cholesterol in the blood.

    LDL- “bad” cholesterol because high levels can create plaque build up in the arteries.

The Heart – Use 1.2.5 to answer!

52. Label the diagram of the heart. Draw arrows showing the path that blood flows. Color the structures with deoxygenated blood blue and the structures with oxygenated blood red.
    

    

53. What is the pathway blood takes as it passes through the heart? Briefly state the path from body to heart to lungs to heart to body.

    When dehydrogenated blood is going to the heart goes through the right atrium and the ventricle, then to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and ventricle and then return to the aorta where it is distributed to the rest of the body.
    

54. What is the role of valves in the heart? What is mitral valve prolapse? How can it lead to left ventricular hypertrophy?

    The roles of the valves in the heart are to make sure blood is flowing correctly through the heart chambers by opening and closing. Mitral valve prolapse is a problem that occurs when the valves open to the left atrium, that may lead to blood black flowing. If the blood black flows it causes left ventricular hypertrophy.
    

55. What is heart rate? (Be sure to include units of measure!)

    Beats per minute (BPM). The normal resting heart rate is 60-100 bpm

56. What is blood pressure? 

    Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on your arteries as it circles through the body.

57. How is blood pressure measured?

    Blood pressure is measured by using a device called sphygmomanmeter

58. What is normal blood pressure? 

     Normal blood pressure is systolic 120mmHG and diastolic 80mmHG

59. What are the units of blood pressure?

    Millimeters of mercury (mmHG)

61. What medication is used to treat high blood pressure?

    Lisinopril (Prenivil, Zestril)

62. What does EKG stand for? What does it measure?

    The electrical activity of the heart. It measures rhythm, rate, and health of the chambers.

63. Name the two nodes of the heart and where each is located. Which one is called the “pacemaker”?

    SA (pacemaker) and Av node.

64. What is the conduction pathway of electrical impulses through the heart? Label the waves on the diagram. What is occurring in the heart at each segment? Why is b so large?

    

    
    

65. The strip below shows 6 seconds of recorded EKG. What is the average heart rate of this patient? Is this EKG normal? Explain why or why not.
    

    

66. What are two major functions of cholesterol in the body?

    Building cell membrane and producing hormones

67. What medication is used to treat cholesterol? 

    Statins
    

68. What is atherosclerosis? How can it affect blood pressure?
    A condition where plaques build up inside the arteries, narrowing them and making it harder for blood to flow through.

69. Name four risk factors for developing heart disease. Which are modifiable?

    Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and being overweight
    

70. Identify the heart abnormalities and what they are. Include coronary artery obstruction and how to fix it. Which is the most effective? Coronary artery affects the hear structure and function, to treat you change lifestyle or take medications.

71. HDL vs LDL

    	HDL or LDL
    Which one is the major carrier of cholesterol?	LDL
    Which one has more protein in its molecule?	HDL
    Which one should have a level below 100 mg/dL?	LDL
    Which one should have a level above 40 mg/dL?	HDL

72. Name three foods that should be avoided to avoid high cholesterol. Name 3 sources of “good fat”

    Saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol rich foods should all be avoided. Three good sources of fat include unsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, and omega 3 fatty acids.
    

73. What is sickle cell anemia? How does a person acquire it? 

    Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells are weirdly shaped. You can acquire sickle cell anemia through having two copies of the geneone from each parent.

HIPAA – Use 2.1.6 to answer!

75. What does HIPAA stand for and what does it say?

    Health insurance portability and accountability act protects patients information and health records.

76. What are the three circumstances under which HIPAA can be broken?

    Emergencies, immediate public health concerns, and law enforcement.
    

Infectious Disease – Use Unit 3 to answer! 

77. What are the different ways disease can spread?

    Direct contact, indirect contact, airborne

78. List 3 ways to prevent spread of disease.

    Wash your hands, stay up to date on vaccines, stay home when sick.

79. List and explain 3 techniques that are used to identify bacteria. 

    Microscope, gram staining, biomedical tests.

80. Explain the structural difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
    

    1. Which one stains pink?

       Gram negative because they have a thin layer

    2. What are the steps in gram staining and WHY is each step done?
       Apply crystal violet, uses iodine, decolorize with alcohol, and counterstaing with safarin.

81. List the classes of common pathogens and give examples of each, how it is spread, and how it is treated. Which are non-living?

    Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
    

82. Name three parts of the immune system that make up the first line of defense.
     Skin and mucous membrane work to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

83. What makes up the 2nd line of defense?

    The innate immune system, which gives a non specific response to pathogens.
    

84. What makes the 3rd line of defense? Why do vaccines aim to elicit this type of response?

    B cells and T cells that work to fight off specific pathogens.
    

85. Briefly explain the function of each part of the immune system below. Which ones are non-specific? Which ones are specific?

    1. Skin- Physical barrier between pathogens

    2. Phagocytes (like macrophages)- White blood cells that destroy invading pathogens

    3. Inflammation- Response to infections

    4. T-Cells- Directly kill infected cells

    5. B-Cells- Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens

86. From the time it enters the body, describe the immune response that will occur against a pathogen.

    Innate and adaptive immune system work together to fight off the pathogen.
    

87. How does a vaccine work?

    Teach immune systems to fight off inactive pathogen.

BE PREPARED TO…

1. Read a patient’s health files to differentiate between symptoms, identify treatment plans, and diagnoses 

2. Identify karyotypes as male or female 

3. Identify medical instruments used and their functions 

4. Identify what determines sequence of amino acids 

5. Answer questions regarding the relationship between insulin and glucose

6. Name and give the purpose of the techniques involved in making a DNA profile? There are four. Start with DNA extraction

7. Identify organs to their correct organ systems when given situational problem

8. Answer questions about effective communication between patient/doctor

9. Identify parts of the blood in a blood sample tube

10. Know how to use and apply the Glaister equation

11. Identify normal ranges of vital signs (what is high/low as well)

12. Identify variables within an experiment (dependent/independent/control/constants)

13. Interpret graphs