Histology and Blood Fluid Dynamics Practice Flashcards

1. Epithelial Tissue

  • Simple Epithelium

    • Simple Squamous Epithelium

    • Function: Diffusion and Filtration

    • Location: Kidney (Bowman's Capsule Parietal Part)

    • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

    • Function: Secretion and Absorption

    • Location: Kidney (Renal Tubules)

    • Simple Columnar Epithelium

    • Function: Secretion and Absorption

    • Location: Small and Large Intestine

  • Stratified Epithelium

    • Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    • Function: Protects against abrasion

    • Location: Epidermis

    • Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    • Function: Protection against invasion of pathogens, bacteria, and other infections

    • Location: Oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina

    • Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

    • Function: Protection and Secretion

    • Location: Sweat glands

    • Stratified Columnar Epithelium

    • Function: Protection and Secretion

    • Location: Male urethra and Conjunctiva

  • Specialized Epithelium

    • Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium

    • Function: Lining, Secretory, and Propulsion

    • Location: Upper Respiratory Tract

    • Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)

    • Function: Adapt to internal pressure changes

    • Location: Urinary Bladder

2. Connective Tissue

  • Connective Tissue Proper

    • Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

    • Function: Inflammatory and Immune Response

    • Location: Blood vessels

    • Dense Regular Connective Tissue

    • Function: Can withstand stress in one direction

    • Location: Tendons and Ligaments

    • Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

    • Function: Can withstand stress in many directions

    • Location: Dermis and capsule of many organs

    • Elastic Connective Tissue

    • Function: Allows tissue to expand and return to its original shape

    • Location: Lungs and Large Arteries (Aorta)

    • Reticular Connective Tissue

    • Function: Provides structural support

    • Location: Bone marrow

  • Cartilage

    • Hyaline Cartilage

    • Function: Serves as temporary skeleton

    • Location: Epiphyseal growth plate

    • Elastic Cartilage

    • Function: Maintain shape and flexibility

    • Location: External ear

    • Fibrocartilage

    • Function: Acts as cushion within joints

    • Location: Intervertebral disc of spine

3. Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal Muscle

    • Function: Voluntary movement

    • Location: Hamstring muscles

  • Smooth Muscle

    • Function: Movement of peristalsis and involuntary movement

    • Location: Walls of hollow organs (intestine, stomach, and blood vessels)

  • Cardiac Muscle

    • Function: Involuntary movement and contracts rhythmically

    • Location: Heart myocardium

4. Blood Fluid Dynamics and Tonicity

  • Isotonic Solutions

    • Effect on Cells: No net water movement →\rightarrow cells stay the same size

    • Body Function: Maintains fluid balance between intracellular and extracellular compartments

    • Clinical Applications: Used in IV therapy for fluid replacement (e.g., dehydration, blood loss, shock)

    • Examples: Normal Saline (0.9%0.9\% NaCl, NSS), Lactated Ringer's solution, 5%5\% Dextrose in Water (D5W →\rightarrow before metabolism, acts isotonic)

  • Hypertonic Solutions

    • Effect on Cells: Pulls water out of cells →\rightarrow cells shrink (crenation)

    • Clinical Applications: Used clinically to reduce swelling/edema (e.g., cerebral edema, hyponatremia)

    • Examples: 3%3\% NaCl, 5%5\% NaCl, 10%10\% dextrose in water

  • Hypotonic Solutions

    • Effect on Cells: Causes water to move into cells →\rightarrow cells swell (RBCs may burst = hemolysis)

    • Clinical Applications: Used clinically to rehydrate cells when they are dehydrated (e.g., in hypernatremia, intracellular dehydration)

    • Examples: Distilled water, 0.45%0.45\% NaCl (half-normal saline)