GR

Teaching Grammar

Introduction to Grammar

• Grammar can be introduced using various methods:

  • Example 1 (pp. 96-97): The Postman (Present Simple)

    • Utilizes pictures and flash cards.

    • Follows the PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production) model within the ESA (Engage, Study, Activate) framework.

  • Example 2 (pp. 98-99): Girls' Night Out (Past Simple Irregular Verbs)

    • Presented through a textual context.

  • Example 3 (pp. 99-100): Disappointment (Reported Speech)

    • Teacher creates context to introduce new grammatical structure.

  • Example 4 (pp. 101-102): Light in Space (Should/Shouldn't Have Done)

    • Introduced through a text.

Discovering Grammar

• Methods to facilitate understanding of grammar:

  • Example 5 (pp. 103-104): Comparative Adjectives

    • Focus on word formation and comparative adjectives using listening exercises in dialogues.

  • Example 6 (pp. 104-105): Rules and Freedom (Expressing Obligation)

    • Using signs to express language functions such as can’t/have to/must/allowed.

Practising Grammar

• A variety of exercises to practice grammar:

  • Example 7 (p. 105): Where Am I? (Present Continuous/Past Simple)

    • A guessing game to reinforce understanding.

  • Example 8 (p. 106): Simon’s Adventure (Past Tenses)

    • Utilizes storytelling to practice past tenses.

  • Example 9 (p. 107): Matching Sentence Halves (Third Conditional)

    • Engages students through interactive matching activities.

  • Example 10 (pp. 107-108): Find Someone Who...

    • Mini survey activity using various grammar structures (Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Perfect, can/can’t).

  • Example 11 (p. 108): Perfect One Liners (Past Perfect Continuous)

    • Prompts from teachers with student responses; game-like practice.

Grammar Games

• Engaging ways to reinforce grammar:

  • Example 12 (p. 109): Ask the Right Question

    • Utilizes word cards for any language context.

  • Example 13 (pp. 109-110): Putting Sentences Back Together Again

    • Focus on comparatives and superlatives with word cards in envelopes to practice word order.

  • Example 14 (p. 110): One Question Behind

    • Incorporates assorted questions; maintain pace and engagement.

Grammar Books

• Different types of grammar resources:

  • Descriptive Grammar:

    • Describes the complete language and its workings.

  • Pedagogic Grammar:

    • Designed to assist teachers and students; rules adapted according to the level and course needs.

    • Compromises made on the amount of detail about specific grammar points.

Principles of Good Grammar Rules

• M. Swan emphasizes the following criteria for effective grammatical rules:

  • Simplicity

  • Truth

  • Clarity

  • Relevance

Refer to pp. 111-112 for further examples and details.

Using Grammar Books

• Applications of grammar books in instruction:

  • Re-drafting and Re-writing: Enhancing written skills.

  • Self-Study: Independent learning.

  • Teacher Usage: Checking and clarifying grammar concepts.

• Example 15 (pp. 113-114): Say and Tell (Word Complementation)

  • Focuses on differentiating the use of 'say' and 'tell'.