Body systems

UNIT 4: ANIMAL SYSTEMS & SYSTEM INTERACTIONS

Overview

  • Organisms are organized into a hierarchical system from the basic to the complex.

    • Levels of Biological Organization include:

      • Cells

      • Tissues

      • Organs

      • Organ Systems

      • Organisms

      • Population

      • Community

      • Ecosystem

      • Biosphere

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is the body's ability to adjust to varying conditions to maintain an internal balance.

  • All systems within humans and animals must work together to achieve homeostasis; nothing functions in isolation.

Animal Systems

The Circulatory System

  • Function: Transports substances such as blood and nutrients throughout the body.

  • Parts:

    • Heart

    • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

    • Blood

Interactions of the Circulatory System

  • Interacts with the digestive system to transport nutrients, minerals, and water to cells.

  • Works with the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide waste.

The Digestive System

  • Function: Takes in food, breaks it down into smaller molecules, and eliminates waste.

  • Parts:

    • Mouth

    • Esophagus

    • Stomach

    • Small intestines

    • Large intestines

    • Rectum

    • Anus

Interactions of the Digestive System

  • Collaborates with the circulatory system to distribute nutrients and minerals to cells.

  • Interacts with the nervous system to signal hunger.

The Respiratory System

  • Function: Facilitates oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.

  • Parts:

    • Nose

    • Mouth

    • Trachea

    • Lungs

    • Bronchi

    • Alveoli

Interactions of the Respiratory System

  • Works with the circulatory system to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

The Excretory System (Urinary System)

  • Function: Eliminates excess water and waste from the blood, producing urine.

  • Parts:

    • Kidneys

    • Ureters

    • Bladder

    • Urethra

Interactions of the Excretory System

  • Interacts with the circulatory system to filter blood and remove excess water and waste.

The Muscular System

  • Function: Enables movement of the body.

  • Parts:

    • Muscles

    • Bones

    • Tendons

    • Ligaments

Interactions of the Muscular System

  • Collaborates with the nervous system to respond to environmental stimuli.

The Skeletal System

  • Function: Provides body support and protection.

  • Parts:

    • Bones

    • Tendons

    • Ligaments

Interactions of the Skeletal System

  • Works with the muscular system for body movement.

  • Interacts with the immune system to produce white blood cells for health maintenance.

The Central Nervous System

  • Function: Controls voluntary and involuntary movements and reacts to stimuli.

  • Parts:

    • Brain

    • Spinal cord

    • Nerves

Interactions of the Central Nervous System

  • Coordinates with all body systems to maintain homeostasis.

The Integumentary System

  • Function: Provides protection and regulates body temperature.

  • Parts:

    • Skin

    • Hair

    • Nails

Interactions of the Integumentary System

  • Works with the immune system for pathogen protection.

  • Interacts with the nervous system to transmit signals regarding temperature and pain.

The Reproductive System

  • Function: Produces egg and sperm cells; facilitates reproduction.

  • Parts:

    • Female: Ovaries, uterus, vagina

    • Male: Penis, testes

Interactions of the Reproductive System

  • Collaborates with the endocrine system for hormone release.