AP US HISTORY - Chapter 1-2
Chapter 1-2 Study Guide (who, what, when, where, why)
Christopher Columbus
Who: Spanish Colonizer
What: Discovered the New World
When: 1492
Where: Hispaniola
Why: God, glory, god
Columbian Exchange
Who: Involved the natives of the New World and European colonizers
What: transferred goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe
When: Started with Columbus’s voyage in 1492
Where: Across the Atlantic Ocean
Why: European colonizers found many of the resources useful and also brought back things like cattle for example to help them as they settled the area
First Americans
Way of life
Who: Examples of groups of people who depended on this way of life would be the Aztecs, Hopi, and Zuni
What: Very intricate, trade systems, hunter-gatherers, extremely varied
When: Before colonization – they first started their way of life when they migrated there 15,000 to 60,000 years ago
Where: North and South Americas, where the USA is now, Canada, and Mexico
Why: They depended on the hunting and gathering system due to the extinction of larger prey such as the mammoths, but it was very varied throughout the Americas due to things like climate or landscape around them
Interaction with Europeans
Who: Some tribes that interacted with the Europeans were – the Aztecs and Inca
What: Often, the Europeans and Natives would interact for trade but more often than not it was for violent reasons
When: It started as soon as Columbus first landed in the New World, and continued as colonization and settlement of the New World became more popular
Where: New World
Why: Often for trading, curiosity, or to resolve conflicts
European exploration
Spanish
Who: Conquistadors who were deeply Catholic and were one of the first to discover the New World
What: Lead conquests over the New World, and viewed the land as their official right – no matter how much damage they caused to it and the people who already lived there
When: They first came to the NW in 1492
Where: They mainly led conquests on where Mexico is now, where the Aztecs lived
Why: For God, glory, and gold
French
Who: European colonizers
What: Settled in North America (ex. Canada and Louisiana), traded furs with the Natives and made alliances
When: First founded an official settlement in 1608
Where: North America
Why: Search for gold and a passage into the Pacific
English
Who: Colonizers / Settlers who entered late into the New World
What: Placed down multiple colonies (ex: Jamestown Colony) and led battles against the Native Americans
When: 1607 is when they first came into the NW (Chesapeake Bay) but mainly in the 17th century
Where: Established Jamestown in the colony of Virginia
Why: Many left England for the NW as an escape from their current lives in England but they also came to the NW so they wouldn’t miss out on all the resources that all the other countries were trying to get their hands on, and also due to their sense of divine mission
Jamestown
John Smith
Who: Leader of Jamestown
What: Held the colony together, very strict
When: During the start of settlement of the English when Jamestown was established
Where: Jamestown in Virginia
Why: Ruled the way he did over Jamestown to keep it in check, and to make sure the settlers didn’t try to attack the nearby tribe of Native Americans or steal their food
Pocahontas
Who: Daughter of Powhaton
What: Captured by the English, married to John Rolfe
When: The time of Jamestown
Where: Where she lived in the colony of Virginia by Jamestown
Why: Served as a mediator between both her tribe and the English
John Rolfe
Who: English colonist
What: Introduced Tobacco
When: 1622, sometime after the settlement of Jamestown or when John Smith left
Where: In the Virginia Colony
Why: For profit
tobacco
Who: A type of illegal plant
What: Virginia’s “gold”, enriched planters and caused a higher demand for field labor
When: Unsure, maybe after John Smith left
Where: Maryland
Why: Introduced for profit(?)
Maryland
Who:
What: An experiment, a new settlement established for the purpose of tobacco production
When: Established 1632
Where: Virginia
Why: Tobacco
Puritans and their ideology
Who: The puritans were a new branch off from the Church of England
What: Highly religious people who believed in different teachings from the Church of England, thought that God determined who was saved and who wasn’t
When: After Protestant Reformation
Where: New England / a group of Puritans/separatists travelled to the NW and settled into Cape Cod
Why: They branched off from the Church of England since they believed the Church was becoming too Catholic and thought of religious belief to be more complex
Headright System
Who: Possibly set in place by John Smith, affected colonists of Jamestown
What: Gave 50 acres of land to a colonist that paid for their own passage or for somebody else’s passage
When: 17th century
Where: Jamestown/New World
Why: Set in place to keep the colonists in check, and to encourage the colonists to pay for their venture to the New World
Pilgrims
Who: Settlers from England who crossed the Atlantic on the Mayflower- some were Puritans
What: They settled in an abandoned Indian village, and also drew up the Mayflower Compact as a way to govern themselves
When: 1620
Where: Plymouth
Why: Wanted to split off from England to not be persecuted for their religion
Anne Hutchinson
Who: A well-educated woman
What: She accused all of the ministers in Massachusetts guilty of faulty preaching
When: 1634 she arrived in Massachusetts, 1637 placed on trial
Where: Massachusetts
Why: We can assume she accused the ministers of doing this because she thought it to be against her religion and/or her beliefs in Puritanism
Halfway covenant
Who: Affected people who hadn’t been completed converted yet
What: A “halfway” status for people who hadn’t yet experienced conversion, and were proclaimed as a “half-member” of the church, so they didn’t gain all of the rights compared to a full-member
When: 1632
Where: Massachusetts
Why: A way to solve the decline in the Church’s congregation
Slavery
Native Americans
Who: Caused by mainly Portuguese
What: A form of forced labor, exploitation of the Native tribes by the Portuguese for their own reasons
When: 1492 - Started with the Transatlantic Exchange
Where: The New World
Why: With the discovery of resources and the desire to produce more of it, labor was needed so they used the Natives for their own personal gain
African Americans
Who: Exploited by Portuguese and other Europeans
What: A form of forced labor, exploiting the population of Native tribes in Africa
When: 1498, the Portuguese established a vast trading empire
Where: Africa/the NW
Why: Africans were used to replace the dying Native American slaves to continue the labor
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Who: Spanish Priest
What: He denounced the treatment of the Native Americans
When: 1542
Where: The New World
Why: He thought of the entire human race to be one, including the Native Americans (except for the Africans)
Black legend
Who: An image of Spain introduced by Las Casas
What: A depiction of Spain and its treatment of Native Americans
When: 1542
Where: The New World
Why: Put forth by Las Casas for people to denounce the way Spain treated the Native Americansans and believe in his writing
Indentured Servants
Who: English Emigrants
What: A main source of labor, people who owned their master something and were required to work for them. No liberties when under contract
When: 16th-17th century, when there was a large amount of people going across the Atlantic to the New World
Where: The New World
Why: Used as a quick and easy form of labor for people such as nobles
Mayflower Compact
Who: Signed by all of the adult men aboard the Mayflower
What: A document designed to help the Pilgrims self-govern, was one of the first structures to help govern in the New World
When: 1620
Where: On the coast of Virginia
Why: To make sure the Pilgrims would be able to govern and stay organized
European relationship with the Native Americans
Spanish
Who: Spain mostly interacted with the Aztecs and Incas, among other tribes in South America, mostly were conquistadors
What: Often exploited them and decimated most of their population through disease or war. Used them for slavery
When: Started at 1492
Where: The New World
Why: To be able to colonize the New World easier
English
Who: A mix of Catholics and Protestants came to the New World, as well as Puritans or Pilgrims. Interacted with Native Americans on the East Coast of North America
What: Desired to displace Native Americans from their own land for their own personal gain
When: 17th century
Where: On the east coast of North America, in Virginia and Maryland, and the settlement of Jamestown
Why: Like many other colonizers, affected the surrounding Natives with diseases and war
French
Who: Interacted at first with the Canadian, Louisianan, and Caribbean natives, most interacting were explorers or fur traders
What: They mostly traded furs, sometimes converting them to their religion. Although they depleted the population of the native animals due to the excessive trading of fur
When: First founded a settlement in 1608, mainly 16th-17th century
Where: Canada, Lousiana, and the Caribbean
Why: For a trade relationship