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ch 26 the global crisis

  • Washington conference of 1921: conference between US Britain and Japan to prevent costly naval armaments race, produced the five power pact, nine power pact, and four power pact, all of which placed limits on naval armaments

    • Nine power pact: continutaion of open door policy

  • Kellogg Briand Pact: multilateral treaty that ended effort to protect peace by outlawing war as a national policy, however, no enforcement method, but provided a moral force

  • Dawes Plan: In order to help Europe repay debts, US provided bank loands to Germany to help with reparation payments, reduced payments from Britain and France, Britain and France used payments from Germany to repay the US, led to circular loans

    • circular loans: troubling pattern that barely solved economic problems

  • Fordney McCumber Act: Republican Congress placed high tariff barriers, made it difficult for Europeans to earn money to repay US loans

  • Yankee Imperalism: idea of US expansion beyond its borders (ie Latin America)

  • Nazi Party: Belief in racial superiority of German people, anti semitism, militarism, threatened European and world peace

  • FDR’s Bombshell Message: surprising, declaring that America would not be participating in international efforts to stabilize currencies during the Great Depression, believed US need to prioritize domestic economy recovery first

  • World Economic Conference: organized to stabilize currency rates, but did not reach an agreement

  • Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act: authorized the negotiation of treaties to lower tariffs, led to american exports increasing by over 40%, aiming to stimulate international trade during the Great Depression

  • Good Neighbor policy: aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries by pledging non-intervention in their domestic affairs, would not intervene in military but use economic instead

  • Neutrality Acts: prevent US from foreign conflicts, included mandatory arms embargos (prohibited sale of arms to warring nations)

  • Cash and Carry Policy: established by 1937 neutraity act, belligerents can only buy nonmilitary goods, must pay in cash and carry the goods on their own vessels

  • Munich Conference: Hitler, France, and Britain met to agree on German annexation of Czechoslovakia under the condition taht Hitler promises to expand no further, but appeasement fails because Hitler violets agreement and invades Poland, WW2 begins

  • Burke Wadworth Act: US first peacetime military draft before war, drafted a year before war intervention

  • Fight for Freedom Committee: urged immediate declaration of war, interventionists

  • Lend Lease Agreement: Because britain was bankrupt and no longer able to meet cash and carry requirements, US allowed the government to sell or lend armaments to any nation vital to US defense without immediate payment, drew the US closer to allies

  • Atlantic Charter: Britain and US vague common principles, statement of war aims that called for destruction of tyranny

  • Tripartite Pact: japan loose defensive alliance with germany and italy

ch 27 america in a world at war

  • Midway Island battle: US suffered great loss but clear victory against Japan, US navy overpowered 4 japan aircrafts, regained central Pacific control

  • Battle of Guadacanal: US offensive attack, heavy losses on both sides, Japan forced to abandon island, shifted initiative to US

  • Concentration camps: systematic murder, public pressure for allies to rescue jews but american government constantly resisted

  • US AntiSeminitism: prevented Jews from entering US, ignored and rejected refugees, justified action by saying it would have little effect

  • Federal Spending: road to economic recovery, decreased unemployment and industrial sluggishness, pumped money back into economy, increased gross national product, personal income increased

  • Little Steel Formula: placed 15% limit on wartime wage increase

  • No Strike Pledge: unions agreed to not stop productino during wartime to ensure that wartime production would not be stopped

  • Widlcat Strikes: strikes unauthorized by union leadership

  • War Labor Disputes Act/Smith Connally Act: ensured wartime production by requiring unions to give 30day notice before strike, gave president power to seize war plants, result of strikes like united mine workers

  • Office of Price Administration: enforced provisions on prices wages salary and rent, public resentment over their control, blackmarketing was beyond OPA control

  • Revenue Act of 1942- increased income tax, one way to help national debt

  • Payroll deductions system: help repay nation debt

  • War Production Board: suger agency with broad economic power, but failed to reach as much authority as WW1 war industries board bc unable to control military purchases

  • National Defense Research Committee: increased US funds for research

  • Centrimetric Radar: used short wavelength and narrow beams, more efficient and effective, detected enemy from farther distance, smaller size but greater power, better suited for plane and submarine

  • Gee Navigation System: electric pulses to help plot exact location, doubled accuracy of night bombing raids

  • Engima Machine: German code system that constantly changed, Bombe US deciphered it, high speed and constant flow of information

  • Fair Employment Practices Commission: established to investigate war industry discrimination, rare symbolic Afircan American victory of rights

  • Congress of racial equality: Mobilized resistance to discrimination, defiant spirit and publicized victories

  • Code talkers: native americans working in military communications via radios and telephone, national unity, communicate in native language so enemy cannot understand

  • Braceros: mexican contract laborers, temporarily admitted to US to work because of labor shortage on pacific coast

  • Zoot Suit Riots: racism against mexicans wearing zoot suits, LA riot, police took little action against whites, led to law prohibiting zoot suits

  • Rosie the Riveter: stymbolized new important of female workforce, joined unions and reduced prejudice, war led to dramatic female mployment increase

  • Japanese internment camps: relocated japanese americans to prison like conditions, uncomfrotable, tried to assimilate them and americanize them

  • Korematsu vs US supreme crt case: allowed/legalized relocation for military neccessity (vague definition)

  • Manhattan Project: race to create the atomic bomb between Nazi and US Brit, US government poured 2 mil into the project, discovered radio activitiy and made the trinity bomb (first atomic explosion)