Kinesiology Exam Flashcards

Practice Questions: Foundations of Kinesiology and Structural Kinesiology

Three-Fold Purpose of Studying Kinesiology:

  • The three-fold purpose of studying kinesiology is safety, efficiency, and effectiveness.

Anatomical and Fundamental Positions:

  • In anatomical position, the palms face forward.
  • In fundamental position, the palms face towards the body.

Irregular Bones and Movement:

  • False: Irregular bones do not primarily function to allow movement.

Joint Classifications:

  • Amphiarthrodial joints are slightly movable.
  • Synarthrodial joints are unmovable.
  • Diarthrodial joints are freely movable.

Movement Terminology:

  • Axis: the line around which movement takes place.
  • Plane: the surface where movement occurs.

Types of Joints and Movement:

  • Gliding joints are uniaxial.
  • Hinge joints are uniaxial.
  • Pivot joints are uniaxial.
  • Condyloid joints are biaxial.
  • Ball and socket joints are multiaxial.
  • Saddle joints are biaxial.

Joint Stability Factors:

  • True: Bone shapes, ligaments, muscles, fascia, and atmospheric pressure are factors responsible for joint stability.

Factors Influencing Range of Motion (ROM):

  • Muscles.
  • Ligaments.
  • Bone shape.
  • Atmospheric pressure.

Musculature Foundations

Skeletal Muscle Organization (Largest to Smallest):

  • The correct order is: Whole muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments.

Functional Contractile Unit of Skeletal Muscle:

  • Sarcomere: the functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling:

  • Acetylcholine: released into the synapse towards the beginning of excitation-contraction coupling.

Sliding Filament Theory:

  • Calcium binds to actin to expose myosin head binding sites.

Muscle Origin and Insertion:

  • The origin of the muscle is usually more proximal, and the insertion of a muscle is usually more distal.
  • There is unequal force on the attachments.

Muscle Stabilization:

  • In most cases, the origin is more stabilized, resulting in the insertion moving.

Types of Contractions:

  • Concentric contraction: occurs when contractile force is greater than resistance force.
  • Eccentric contraction: occurs when contractile force is less than resistance force.
  • Isometric contraction: occurs when contractile force is equal to resistance force.

Line of Action:

  • True: The line of action describes the direction of muscular force.

Passive Movement:

  • Passive movement occurs when the muscle changes length, but is not contracting.

Neuromuscular Foundations

Cranial and Spinal Nerves:

  • In the PNS, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Motor Unit Definition:

  • False: A motor unit is defined as a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates.

Total Force Exerted by Muscle:

  • True: The total force exerted by the muscle depends on the number of motor units being recruited (activated).

All-Or-None Principle:

  • True: The all-or-none principle describes that a muscle fiber contracts completely or does not contract at all.

Tendon and Stretch Reflexes:

  • False: The tendon reflex results in muscle relaxation, and the stretch reflex results in muscle contraction.