Flash cards.docx

Certainly, here's a comprehensive list of muscles for each specified area:

**Pectoralis Region:**

1. Pectoralis Major

2. Pectoralis Minor

3. Serratus Anterior

**Back Muscles:**

1. Trapezius

2. Latissimus Dorsi

3. Rhomboid Major

4. Rhomboid Minor

5. Levator Scapulae

6. Erector Spinae (includes Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis muscles)

7. Splenius Capitis

8. Splenius Cervicis

**Forearm Muscles:**

1. Flexor Carpi Radialis

2. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

3. Palmaris Longus

4. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

5. Flexor Digitorum Profundus

6. Flexor Pollicis Longus

7. Pronator Teres

8. Pronator Quadratus

9. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

10. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

11. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

12. Extensor Digitorum

13. Extensor Digiti Minimi

14. Extensor Indicis

15. Abductor Pollicis Longus

16. Extensor Pollicis Brevis

17. Extensor Pollicis Longus

18. Extensor Pollicis Brevis

19. Extensor Pollicis Longus

20. Supinator

21. Brachioradialis

**Arm Muscles:**

1. Biceps Brachii

2. Brachialis

3. Coracobrachialis

4. Triceps Brachii

5. Anconeus

6. Deltoid

7. Teres Major

**Hand Muscles:**

1. Thenar Muscles (Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Opponens Pollicis)

2. Hypothenar Muscles (Abductor Digiti Minimi, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis, Opponens Digiti Minimi)

3. Interossei Muscles (Palmar and Dorsal Interossei)

4. Lumbrical Muscles

5. Adductor Pollicis

This list includes major muscles of the specified regions. There are smaller muscles and deeper layers within each region, but these are the primary muscles responsible for movement and support.

Make flashcards of the following muscles with their origin, insertion, action, innervation, and blood supply:

**Pectoralis Region:**

1. **Pectoralis Major**

- Origin: Clavicular head - medial half of clavicle; Sternocostal head - anterior surface of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle.

- Insertion: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus.

- Action: Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of shoulder joint.

- Innervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1).

- Blood Supply: Thoracoacromial artery.

2. **Pectoralis Minor**

- Origin: Ribs 3-5, near their cartilage.

- Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula.

- Action: Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall.

- Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1).

- Blood Supply: Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery.

3. **Serratus Anterior**

- Origin: Ribs 1-8 or 9.

- Insertion: Anterior surface of medial border of scapula (reaches up to inferior angle).

- Action: Protracts and holds scapula against thoracic wall, rotates scapula to elevate glenoid cavity.

- Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7).

- Blood Supply: Lateral thoracic artery.

**Back Muscles:**

1. **Trapezius**

- Origin: External occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae.

- Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula.

- Action: Retraction, elevation, depression, and upward rotation of scapula.

- Innervation: Accessory nerve (CN XI).

- Blood Supply: Transverse cervical artery.

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2. **Latissimus Dorsi**

- Origin: Spinous processes of T7-L5 vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs.

- Insertion: Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus.

- Action: Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of shoulder joint.

- Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8).

- Blood Supply: Thoracodorsal artery.

3. **Rhomboid Major**

- Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae.

- Insertion: Medial border of scapula, from level of spine to inferior angle.

- Action: Retraction, elevation, and downward rotation of scapula.

- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5).

- Blood Supply: Dorsal scapular artery.

4. **Rhomboid Minor**

- Origin: Lower ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae.

- Insertion: Medial border of scapula, at level of spine.

- Action: Retraction, elevation, and downward rotation of scapula.

- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5).

- Blood Supply: Dorsal scapular artery.

5. **Levator Scapulae**

- Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae.

- Insertion: Medial border of scapula, superior to spine.

- Action: Elevates scapula.

- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5).

- Blood Supply: Dorsal scapular artery.

6. **Erector Spinae** (includes Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis muscles)

- Origin: Broad tendon attached to posterior part of iliac crest, sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, and lumbar spinous processes.

- Insertion: Various levels along vertebral column, including ribs and cervical transverse processes.

- Action: Bilateral contraction extends the vertebral column; unilateral contraction flexes vertebral column laterally.

- Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

- Blood Supply: Lumbar arteries.

7. **Splenius Capitis**

- Origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae.

- Insertion: Mastoid process and lateral third of superior nuchal line.

- Action: Bilateral contraction extends head and neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes and rotates head to same side.

- Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

- Blood Supply: Occipital artery.

8. **Splenius Cervicis**

- Origin: Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebrae.

- Insertion: Transverse processes of C1-C3 vertebrae.

- Action: Bilateral contraction extends cervical vertebral column; unilateral contraction laterally flexes and rotates cervical spine to same side.

- Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves.

- Blood Supply: Occipital artery.

**Forearm Muscles:**

1. **Flexor Carpi Radialis**

- Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus.

- Insertion: Base of second and third metacarpal bones.

- Action: Flexion and abduction of hand at wrist.

- Innervation: Median nerve (C6-C7).

- Blood Supply: Radial artery.

2. **Flexor Carpi Ulnaris**

- Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, posterior border of ulna.

- Insertion: Pisiform bone, hook of hamate bone, base of fifth metacarpal bone.

- Action: Flexion and adduction of hand at wrist.

- Innervation: Ulnar nerve (C7-C8).

- Blood Supply: Ulnar artery.

3. **Palmaris Longus**

- Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus.

- Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis.

- Action: Weak flexor of hand at wrist.

- Innervation: Median nerve (C7-C8).

- Blood Supply: Ulnar artery.

4. **Flexor Digitorum Superficialis**

- Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna.

- Insertion: Middle phalanges of digits 2-5.

- Action: Flexion of wrist and fingers 2-5.

- Innervation: Median nerve (C8-T1).

- Blood Supply: Ulnar artery.

5. **Flexor Digitorum Profundus**

- Origin: Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane.

- Insertion: Distal phalanges of digits 2-5.

- Action: Flexion of distal interphalangeal joints of fingers 2-5.

- Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C8-T1).

- Blood Supply: Anterior interosseous artery.

6. **Flexor Pollicis Longus**

- Origin: Anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane.

- Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb.

- Action: Flexion of distal phalanx of thumb.

- Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C8-T1).

- Blood Supply: Anterior interosseous artery.

7. **Pronator Teres**

- Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna.

- Insertion: Middle of lateral surface of radius.

- Action: Pronation of forearm.

- Innervation: Median nerve (C6-C7).

- Blood Supply: Ulnar artery.

8. **Pronator Quadratus**

- Origin: Distal portion of anterior ulnar shaft.

- Insertion: Distal portion of anterior radial shaft.

- Action: Pronation of forearm.

- Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C8-T1).

- Blood Supply: Anterior interosseous artery.

9. **Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus**

- Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.

- Insertion: Base of second metacarpal bone.

- Action: Extension and abduction of hand at wrist.

- Innervation: Radial nerve (C6-C7).

- Blood Supply: Radial artery.

10. **Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis**

- Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus.

- Insertion: Base of third metacarpal bone.

- Action: Extension and abduction of hand at wrist.

- Innervation: Radial nerve (C6-C7).

- Blood Supply: Radial artery.

11. **Extensor Carpi Ulnaris**

- Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior border of ulna.

- Insertion: Base of fifth metacarpal bone.

- Action: Extension and adduction of hand at wrist.

- Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7-C8).