P5 (1844-1877)

  • 13th Amendment: abolished slavery → caused sharecropping system

  • 14th Amendment: everyone is a citizen & equal protection of rights of citizens

  • 15th Amendment: african american males can vote/black male suffrage

  • America Party/Know Nothing: anti immigrgant anti catholic party

  • Anaconda Plan: north uses navy to blockade and strangle south to submission in civil war

  • Annexation of Texas: Manifest Destiny, James Polk expanded into this and Oregon → Led to Mex-Am war, annexed by john tyler

  • Antietam: 1862, prevent foreign intervention (on side of confederacy) & emancipation announced → war about ending secession AND slavery

  • Battle of Gettysburg: 1863, stop confederate attack on union soil

  • Battle of Little Big Horn: 1876, Sioux tribe (sitting bull) kill custer and men in 7th Cavalry (custer’s land stand)

  • Battle of Vicksburg: 1863, ulysesses grant wins control of mississippi river

  • Bessemer Process: method for producing steel by blowing air to remove impurities, mass production of steel, enabled faster infrastructure

  • Black Codes: after civil war, guarantee stable labor supply now that black people were emancipated, sharecropping system → prohibited af-am to buy land, forced to sign labor contracts, penalty for breaking contract, can’t vote or be on jury

  • Bleeding Kansas: pro slavery vs antislavery forces engage in mini civil war. sack of lawrence. pottwatomie creek. Topeka (free soil) vs lecompton (pro slavery)

  • California Gold Rush: 1848-1850s, gold brought thousands of settlers westward, more shops & facilities westward

  • Carpetbaggers and Scalawags: Southern democrats used to describe politilcal opps (northerners & republican southerners) in reconstruction

  • Charles Sumner Canning of Senator Brooks: Sumner beat up by Brooks over slavery issues in Congrerss

  • Chinese Immigration: driven by gold rush and railroad labor, western states, faced discrimination

  • Civil War: union vs confederacy, bloodiest domestic war, freed 4 million enslaved Af-Ams, Second American Revolution

  • Clipper Ships: allow for faster travel and boost US trade with asia

  • Comstock Lode: 1859, nevada silver and gold deposits → encourage westward expansion

  • Compromise of 1850: california free state, no slave trade in DC< popular sovereignty decided slavery elsewhere, strict fugitive slave law

  • Compromise of 1877: informal unwritten deal over Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Samuel Tilden democrat presidential election due to electoral fraud. Hayes won. ended reconstruction as troops removed in south

  • Confederacy: 7 southern states that seceded to preserve slavery, fought defensive war against union & lincoln, king cotton, generals Robert E Lee & Stonewall jackson

  • Decimation of Buffalo: impacted by westward expansion, undermines native american resistance, make way for railroads, demand for buffalo hides

  • Dred Scott v Sanford (1857): african-ams not citizens. slaves are property (cant be taken away without due process, 5th amendment), congress could not ban slavery

  • Election of 1844: Manifest Destiny election, James Polk beat Henry Clay campaigning on 54 40 or fight

  • Election of 1860: Lincoln wins even though no southern state voted for him, platform against spread of slavery→ caused secession

  • Emancipation Proclamation: lincoln announces emancipation, changes purpose of war (against secession and slavery), help keeps europe away, union gains new african american soldiers, moral cause of north

  • Ethnic Communities: irish settled in cities, tightknit Catholic laborers. German settled in midwest/urban, established bars, diverse. Chinese: west, mined gold and worked railroad, Chinatowns. Mexican: Southwest, had rights but were ignored, laborers

  • Failure of Reconstruction: southern white resistance, waning northern will, compromise of 1877 ended it

  • Free Soil Party: political party with purpose of stopping expansion in slavery in western territories. “free soil, free labor, free men” free homsteads

  • Freedman’s Bureau: reconstruction act, welfare agency towards black people and poor white, education

  • Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: controversial in north. mandated all escaped slaves to be returned to masters even in free states. free states protect slaves

  • Gadsden Purchase: land purchased in southwest from mexico in 1853 for building railroad (modern New Mex & Arizona)

  • German Immigrants: diverse, northwest, tightknit, alcohol

  • Gettysburg Address: Lincoln Speech redefining civil war as a struggle to preserve union and declare true equality and freedom for all

  • Grandfather Clauses: post reconstruction, southern mechanisms to disenfranchise african american voteers → age test, literacy tests, poll taxes, intimidation

  • Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin: 1852, fueled northern anti-slavery movement

  • Homestead Act: 1862, offers public land to any person who farms it for 5 years → ppl move west

  • Homefront Opposition: domestic opposition towards mex-am war (whigs against) and civil war (peace democrats, rich man’s war)

  • Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: first impeached. removed secratary of war in 1968, put on trial, house immediately voted

  • Irish Potato Famine: caused irish immigration towards American cities, irish worked in laborer jobs, democrats

  • Jim Crow Laws: segregation in south

  • John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry: sparks slave revolt in 1859 by seizing federal arsenal on ship, south fear & secession

  • Kansas Nebraska Act: 1954. slavery would be decided by popular sovereignity. repeals missouri compromise, potentially opening up slavery north of 36,30. opposed in north

  • Know Nothing Party: group of american nativistfs, advocate for immigration restrictions

  • Ku Klux Klan: white supremacy group, resist reconstruction govt., violence against African Americans

  • Lee's Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse: 1865, General E Lee confederacy surrendered to Union Ulysses S Grant after fall of richmond. end of confederate war effort

  • Lenient vs. Harsh Penalties for South: “heal” and unite nation: Lincoln’s 10% Plan vs Reconstruction Acts (military oversee South), Enforcement acts, amendments

  • Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Illinois senate race, lincoln lost but gained national fame & eloquency

  • Lincoln's House Divided Speech: took public stand against slavery expansion, gained Northern interest, warn nation would either be fully slave or fully free

  • Lincoln’s Ten Percent Reconstruction Plan: state could rejoin union when 10% of voters pledged allegiance & abolished slavery

  • Manifest Destiny: it was america’s destiny to conquer and civilize entire continent, built upon white superiority ((civilize others)

  • Mexican American War: caused by border disputes (Mex nueces riveer vs polk rio grande) → General Zachary Taylor moved towards rio grande. war fought oveer mexican territory.

  • Mexican Cession: US took possession of California & New mex for $15mil → party of treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

  • Moderate Republican: lincoln’s moderate views restoring union & basic civil rights

  • Morill Tarriff: high protective tariff used to raise revenue for union and protect northern industry

  • Mormon Migration: 1847. From NY, brigham young brings mormons seeking religious refuge

  • Nativists: against immigrgants, take job from “native-born” americans, view immigrants as Catholics & drunks, would get outvoted

  • Northern Conscription Act: first federal draft in US history, male citizens drafted in union army → class conflict

  • Oil Drilling: birth of oil industry in 1850s, industrial revolution

  • Oregon Treaty 1846: 49th parallel, (54’ 40 or fight), take over oregon territory

  • Ostend Manifesto: Secret plan by southerners to buy cuba from spain and turn it into slave states, opposed by free soilers

  • Pacific Railway Act: authorized building of transcontinental railroad alon a northern route, connected USA → provided subsidies by fed govt.

  • Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896, segregation was constitutional as long as it was “separate but equal”

  • Pony Express: mail service bridging communication gap in USA, Manifest Destiny & westward expansion

  • Positive Social Good Proslavery Argument: necessary evil, gave necessities to enslaved people, civilized Africans, treated better than northern factory workers

  • Radical Republicans: advocated for immediate abolition of slavery, full civil rights for formerly enslaved, harsh penalties for southern states

  • Reconstruction: unionize and reform country after civil war, marked with conflict, lenient & harsh punishment

  • Reconstruction Amendments: 13th, 14th, 15th

  • Reservation System: federal system confining native american tribes to specific isolated lands and forcing assimilation

  • Sand Creek Massacre: 1864, Colorado militia attack and kill over 100 natives (2/3rds native and women)

  • Secession of Southern States: 7 southern states leave office

  • Second Party System: Whig Party & Know Nothing collapse under kansas-nebraska act. republican party (sectional) opposed to slavery in North & Midwest

  • Sharecropping: use land in exchange for giving percent of crop to owner of land, exploited African Americans in South after 13th amendment, own only labor

  • Sherman's March to the Sea: 1864, Sherman (union) leads march of deliberate destruction throughout south. strategy: destroy southern environment & infrastructure → surrender

  • Southern Secession: 11 southern states secede due to elction of Abraham Lincoln in order to protect instutitional slavery. SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX (Deep south) and then VA, AR,NC,TN

  • Tammany Hall: patronage, Boss Tweed, tight group of politicans in NYC that controlled votes, city jobs, and municipal contracts

  • Tenant Farming: Reconstruction era agricultural system, enslaved ppl or poor whites would own land and items in exchange for crops, more independence than sharecropping

  • Transcontinental Railroad: national railroad built by immigrants, funded by fed govt to connect USA and expand markets

  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: ends Mexican American War 1848 → mexico loses california, new mexico, & southwest to usa. hispanic residents of California were guaranteed property & citizenship rights

  • Treaty of Wanghia (1844): diplomatic agreement between USA and China Qing Dynasty. Caleb Cushing, President John Tyler. US expand foreign policy & commerce into Asia, access to five major chinese treaty ports, proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors. missionaries go to china to spread christanity

  • US v Cruikshank (1873): ruled 14th amendment prohibited states, not individuals, from violating civil rights. after colfax massacre where white militia killed black men.

  • War Democrats and Peace Democrats: supported Lincoln’s war vs anti war/negotiation with confederacy

  • Wilmot Proviso: Mexican-American war effect, attempt by Northerners to ban slavery in any territory gained from war, rejected by southerners

  • Writ of Habeas corpus: suspended by lincoln in 1863 (unconstitutional) during civil war, growth of federal power; why? protect union in civil war by allowing military to arrest enemy ACTUAL FUNCTION: protected against unlawful imprisonment

  • 54th Regiment: one of first african american units in US history, led by massachusetts governor, frederick lee douglas, assaulted Fort Wagner