apush bible 🙌 (notes)

Pre-Columbian Era: The Beginning of the New World

Native People:
- Incas, Mayas, Aztecs, Pueblo: Sophisticated, large population.
- Maize (corn) cultivation: Spread to other areas, slowing nomadic lifestyle.
  - No longer need to travel as much for food.
  - Flourishment and population growth.
- Southwest: Spreads crops.
  - Irrigation system: Economic, social growth.
North American Native People:
- Great Basin and Plains:
  - Very nomadic (travel for food).
  - Less developed and resourceful.
  - Rely on plains (buffalo, bison).
- Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard:
  - Three Sister farming: maize, squash, beans.
  - Semi-nomadic.
  - Population not massive.
  - Organized areas.
  - Hunters/gatherers.

Contact with Europeans

Motivations:
- Spread Christianity.
- Glory in home country.
- Gold/wealth/Spices.
- The Crusades: Europeans got used to resources from other nations.
- Sugar plantations!!
Portuguese:
- Sought African gold and sugar plantations.
- Foundation for trans-Atlantic slave trade and plantation systems.
Spanish:
- Renaissance: Desire to be at the forefront of knowledge.
- Columbus: Columbian Exchange.
- Conquistadores: Spanish conquerors (e.g., Cortes).
  - Diseases killed 90% of Natives.
Encomienda System:
- Spanish colonization system.
- West Indies: plantation structure.
- Maximize resources: Slaves for sugar plantations.
- Use Natives for work and Christianization.
- Territorial.

Effects of Contact

New Crops:
- Maize, potatoes, beans.
- Europe population growth: RAPID
Minerals:
- Away from feudalism.
- Toward capitalism.
Disease:
- Smallpox.
- Within 10 years: 90% of Natives dead.
Columbian Exchange:
- The beginning of GLOBALIZATION (dependence between nations).
- Americas provide: gold, silver, new crops.
- Europe provides: cattle, livestock, horses.
- Africa provides: labor.
Changing Worldviews:
- Conversations about…
  - Justification of slavery.
  - Treatment of Natives.
  - Ethnocentrism.

English Colonies

Southern/Chesapeake Colonies
- Virginia (Chesapeake)
- Maryland (Chesapeake)
- North Carolina (Deep South)
- South Carolina (Deep South)
- Georgia (buffer state: Spain vs Florida, French vs Louisiana)
Middle Colonies
- New York (no religious freedom, no democracy)
- Pennsylvania (Quakers, liberal)
- New Jersey (Quakers, liberal)
New England Colonies
- Massachusetts (Plymouth, heavily Puritan)
- Maine
- New Hampshire
- Connecticut
- Rhode Island (“sewer state”: religious freedom, democracy)
Geography:
- Southern/Chesapeake Colonies: Horrible, unhealthy climate; extreme weathers; hot weathers → easy to spread diseases → shorter lifespan
- Middle Colonies: Temperate climate; warm; Ideal for AGRICULTURE
- New England Colonies: Cool temperatures + healthy climate; Much less disease → longer lifespan; Better for settlements and crops; Stable environments
Economics:
- Southern/Chesapeake Colonies: PLANTATION ECONOMY (cash crop focused); TOBACCO; Everyone had some land to farm; Indentured servants = labor source at first, but Bacon’s Rebellion → heavy on slavery
- Middle Colonies: “Bread colonies” (grain exporters); Fur trade (Dutch West India Company); Booming industry; SUPER diverse; TONS of options; TRADE
- New England Colonies: Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, manufacturing; NOT cash-crop focused
Religion:
- Southern/Chesapeake Colonies: Mostly Anglican
- Middle Colonies: Lots of Religious freedom (Quakers); Quakers (heavily religious but heavily liberal); NO religious freedom in New York though
- New England Colonies: Puritanism (visible saint); Everyone had to attend church (church = center of life); Everyone paid taxes to the church; Some religious toleration
Politics:
- Southern/Chesapeake Colonies: Royal colony; Plantation oligarchy; Aristocratic
- Middle Colonies: Lots of democracy; NO democracy in New York though; Basically English government (Parliament)
- New England Colonies: Some self-government; Town government (community structure); Freedmen: males who dominated govt; Doctrine of the Covenant (serve God)
Society:
- Southern/Chesapeake Colonies: 6 to 1 (men to women); Population = mostly small farmers; Population: decreases from disease, increases from immigrants; Built on SLAVERY; Gap between rich & poor
- Middle Colonies: Ethnically diverse; Thriving overall; Plentiful population growth: immigration and natural reproduction cycles
- New England Colonies: Not ethnically diverse; Educational + social opportunities; Family units; Middle group (not too rich, not too poor); 90% live in rural areas (population dominated by small farmers); Social ranking positions

English/French/Spanish Colonies

Motives/Reasons:
- English colonies: Gold, Glory, God; Protestant Reformation (Americas = refuge for free worship for Catholics & radical Protestants); Enclosure Acts → homelessness, poverty; Headright System (pay for one’s passage to Americas → get land); Indentured Servitude; JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES (investors send people to Americas and expect ROI); Virginia Company; Charters: Rights as Englishmen (protection through English government)
- French colonies: Fur trade; Convert Natives to Catholicism; Find a trade route to Asia (by river)
- Spanish colonies: Gold/silver, Glory, God; Christianization of Natives; Make Spanish economy powerful
Population:
- English colonies: Middle class farmers, artisans, tradesmen; Indentured servants; Immigrants
- French colonies: Fur traders, merchants, missionaries; Later, soldiers; NO protestants, NO peasants
- Spanish colonies: Conquistadors, soldiers, missionaries; Farmers and traders
Government:
- English colonies: Basically Parliament; Local (town) governments; Town meetings; Representative assemblies; Semi-autonomous due to benign neglect and salutary neglect
- French colonies: Completely subject to French king; No political rights or representative government; NO AUTONOMY
- Spanish colonies: Crown-appointed viceroys or governors; Obey king’s laws
Religion:
- English colonies: PURITANS (visible saints + hard work); On and off tolerance
- French colonies: Protestants excluded; Catholics on top; Semi-autonomous due to benign neglect and salutary neglect
- Spanish colonies: Protestants restricted; Catholics on top
Economy:
- English colonies: Diverse; Farming, tobacco, plantations, sugar, lumbering, manufacturing, fishing, etc.; Joint-stock companies
- French colonies: FUR TRADE; Some farming too; Mostly commerce and trade
- Spanish colonies: Some farming too; Mostly commerce and trade
Relationship with Natives:
- English colonies: Originally friendly and cordial; But English greed for land led to conflict
- French colonies: French respect for Native Americans resulted in a lot of cordial alliances; Some tensions, though, from religious conversion efforts; French cordial relationship: similar to Dutch
- Spanish colonies: Spanish = super oppressive; Spanish were only there to forcefully Christianize Natives; Soldiers killed and subjugated natives
Columbian Exchange:
- Exchange of ideas and materials between North America and Europe
- Led to the establishment of colonies
Triangular Trade:
- NOT the same as Columbian Exchange; Columbian Exchange establishes colonies which THEN causes the triangular trade
- Europe, Africa, Americas

APUSH Timeline

PERIOD 1: 1491 - 1607

1492: Columbian Exchange
16th - 19th centuries: Triangular Trade (Europe, Africa, Americas)
- Triangular Trade CAUSED BY Columbian Exchange
Portuguese + Spanish conquistadors
1517: Martin Luther + Protestant Reformation
- Huge cause of immigration to the Americas (for religious freedom)
1536: Calvinism
1588: Spanish Armada → Spanish colonization (FIRST)
- Spain navy (Catholic) vs. English navy (Protestant)
- Spanish Armada is destroyed → slow but sure decline of Spanish
1600s: English colonization

PERIOD 2: 1607 - 1754

1600s: English colonization
- Indentured servants: displaced workers → guaranteed passage to the New World if they work for a few years → then, freedom
  - Many died on the passage or while working in the New World
- Headright System: masters who pay for indentured servants’ passage get 50 acres of land
1607: Jamestown, Virginia (English)
Natives wiped out by the 3 D’s:
- DISEASE (smallpox), disorganization (nation states), disposability (not useful)
- Misunderstandings & miscommunication with colonists
1608: Quebec (French) → fur trade → cordial relations but diseases rampant
1610: Anglo-Powhatan War
- Powhatan Natives decimated in Jamestown after tensions with colonists
- Solved due to intermarriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe
1614: Second Anglo-Powhatan War
- More English vs Powhatan conflict
- Ended with elimination of English & Powhatan coexistence
1619: very first slaves
1619: House of Burgesses
- first democratically-elected legislative body in British America
1620: Mayflower Compact
- Plymouth colony, the first New England colony, self-rule for English settlers; agreement, not constitution
1629: Charles I out of Parliament
1630: Great Migration
1637: Pequot War (conflict over land, Natives = decimated) → slows conversion
1643: New England Confederation
- Four colonies of New England united in order to defend against common enemies (Natives, French, Dutch) → short lived due to Charles II
- Established a foundation for intercolonial unity
1649: Act of Toleration (religious toleration ONLY for Catholics & Protestants)
1660: Charles II restored → tighter control of colonies
- Dominion of New England
- 1650/1660: Navigation Laws
  - English colonies can ONLY trade with England
  - No products that compete with English products
1661: Barbados Slave Codes (West Indies, denies slaves fundamental rights)
1675-1676: King Philip's War (Metacom’s War)
- Alliance of tribes → attacks Mass. Bay colonies → defeated by Puritans
1676: Bacon’s Rebellion
- Virginia settlers (blacks) + indentured servants: uprising because the government won’t provide protection from Native Americans
- Labor source: shifts toward African American slaves bc indentured servants = dangerous
1680: Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion) (the first successful Native revolt against Spanish conquistadors → destroyed Catholic churches)
1688-1689: Glorious Revolution → Colonies establish individual charters
- Dominion of New England is over
1734: First Great Awakening (1738: George Whitefield)
- Emotive spirit > education, spread of religious passion
- Humans are weak but God is omnipotent

PERIOD 3: 1754-1800

1713: Treaty of Utrecht
- France & Spain vs Britain → France and Spain are destroyed
- Period of peace for England → Salutary neglect for the Americas
1754: Albany Congress
- Colonial allyship with Iroquois Confed for common defense against France
- Iroquois Confederacy: alliance of five Indian nations; destroyed during American Revolution after siding with England
1754: French and Indian War (starts in America → goes global)
1763: Peace of Paris (Ends the French and Indian War)
- Britain destroys France but most of the fighting was done by British colonies IN AMERICA
- Shattered myth of British invincibility → starts to bridge colonial gaps
1763: Navigation Act of 1763
- Additional restrictions from England
- Not enforced well due to SALUTARY NEGLECT (turn the other way)
- Mercantilism
  - Econ all about mother country; Americas = consumer market for England
  - Realities of English control over colonists: salutary neglect
  - Problems in colonies:
    - No banks (vetoed by Britain), can’t expand economy in America
    - Burdened Americans
  - Good: Profit for American colonists
1763: Pontiac’s Rebellion
- Natives rise up in Western frontier → colonists realize Native danger
1763: Proclamation of 1763
- Caused by French and Indian War and Pontiac’s Rebellion
- Prohibits colonists going beyond the Appalachian’s due to Native danger
- Colonists ignore the Proclamation (unfair bc colonists fought F&I War)
1764: Sugar Act (INDIRECT tax)
1765: Stamp Act (DIRECT tax)
- Violated rights of Englishmen → colonists angry
- No taxation without representation
1765: Stamp Act Congress
1765: Non-importation agreements: stop importing British goods
1765: Sons and Daughters of Liberty: violent protests
1766: Declaratory Act: stamp Act repealed
- In return: Britain says they will enforce any act they want in the future
1767: Townshend Acts: taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea
1772: Committees of Correspondence
- Started with Samuel Adams in Boston, other colonies followed
- Statement of colonial rights, list of violations
- Intercolonial unity
1773: Tea Act (tax on tea)
1773: Boston Tea Party (angry colonists dumped imported British tea)
1774: Intolerable/Coercive Acts
- British reaction to Boston Tea Party (series of punishments)
1774: First Continental Congress (list of grievances)
- Call for REPRESENTATION; NOT revolution, NOT independence
1774: The Association (non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumption)
1774: Quartering Act: forced housing
1774: Abolition of slave trade
- First Continental Congress: no more African slaves in 13 colonies
1775: Second Continental Congress
1775: Lexington and Concord (shooting)
- 1775: START OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
  - British strengths: Navy, army, wealth
  - British weaknesses: Distance, no strong leadership, geography (too much land to conquer)
  - American strengths: Great leadership (Washington), French aid
  - American weaknesses: Poor organization, no real authority
  - Tensions: Loyalists (loyal to Britain) vs Patriots (American independence)
1775: Battle of Bunker Hill
- American colonists seized Bunker Hill → DESTROYED the British
- King George III gave money to German troops to fight Americans, but Germans took the money and sided with Americans for land
1776: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense—arguments:
- Self government + popular consent is a natural right; England is tyrannical
- Call to Americans: stop being inconsistent (loyal/unloyal) → Just fight for INDEPENDENCE
1776: Declaration of Independence
- Official declaration of independence against Britain
- Natural rights of humankind → universal impact (e.g., French Revolution)
1777: Battle of Saratoga (US Victory)
- France helps America, diplomacy was successful
- England: Allowed Americans home rule (everything BUT independence)
1778: Treaty of Alliance (US-France)
1781: Battle of Yorktown
- Decisive British loss & U.S. victory → England gives in
1781: Articles of Confederation
- Unicameral Congress → limited powers
- U.S. land and given to government
- Highlighted the need for stronger government (govt too weak to enforce legislation)
1783: Treaty of Paris (US independence)
- 1783: END OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
  - England recognizes U.S. independence
- France is emboldened to fight for independence
Results of Revolutionary War
- INCREASED POPULATION ACROSS AMERICA
- Treaty-worthiness
- Women charged with Republican Motherhood (teach children Rep. values)
- Abolition of slave trade
- Much of daily life = same
- Drawbacks:
  - Economy: no banks, increased inflation, debt to pay
- State Constitutions: weak executive, weak judicial, STRONG legislative
Land Ordinance Acts
- 1785: organizing land, North/South lines
- 1787: in order to become a state: 60,000 settlers
1786: Shay’s Rebellion (backcountry farmers for state’s rights; no central power)
- Angry due to lack of representation + taxes
- Foreclosure: can’t pay off loans → causes anger
- Strikes fear of mobocracy on aristocracy → need for stronger central govt
  - Conservatives: exaggerate rebellion → need more central power
  - Poor states: downplay rebellion → need more states’ rights
1787: Northwest Ordinance
- When colonies reach a population of 60,000 → statehood
1787: The Constitution
- Supposed to fix the Articles of Confederation for more state power
- Just ended up rewriting the Articles (central power = maintained)
- 1787: The Great Compromise: Bicameral legislature
  - Upper House: Senate (equal say)
  - Lower House: House of Representatives (bigger states: more say)
- 1787: Three-Fifths Compromise (slaves = $\frac{3}{5}$ of a vote)
- 1787: Checks and balances (three branches of government)
1787: Federalists vs Anti-Federalists over ratification of Constitution
- Anti-Federalists:
  - Opposed to central government
  - Made up of poor backcountry farmers
  - Distrust of the wealthy elites
- Federalists:
  - Favored central government
  - Made up of rich elites
  - Former loyalists (central government is like British Parliament)
1787: Federalist Papers (turns the tables for ratification of Constitution)
- Argument: Republicanism can work even with the Constitution; everyone’s voices can be heard
1788: Constitution ratified
1789-1797: George Washington’s Presidency (No political party)
1789: Judiciary Act of 1789: established federal courts + Supreme Court
1789: Start of French Revolution
1790: Hamilton’s Financial Program
- Favored the WEALTHY
- Bolster national credit
- Funding at par: all of the nation’s debt in one pot
- Assumption of state debts (in the pot too)
- Pay through…
  - Excise taxes: domestic taxes on leisure items (e.g. whiskey)
  - Custom duties: tariffs on imported (English) goods
1791: Bill of Rights (for INDIVIDUAL rights)
- Because Constitution did not guarantee individual rights
- 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition
- 10th Amendment: powers not delegated federally are reserved to the state
1791: National Bank (created by Hamilton)
- Hamilton: implied powers, loose interpretation of Constitution
- Jefferson: Literal interpretation of Constitution, 10th Amendment (power belongs to states if not in the Constitution)
  - Jeffersonian/Democratic Republicans: weak central government, strict interpretation, party of the commoners
1791-1794: Whiskey Rebellion
- Excise taxes = burden → rebellion in Western Pennsylvania
  - Reflection of Pre-Revolutionary rebellions
  - Anti-Federalists see Hamilton as Parliament-like control
- Washington’s reaction: 13k army (overcompensation)
  - Significance: U.S. central govt is STRONG and will outdo Britain
1793: Neutrality Proclamation
- Washington calls for neutrality + isolationism during French Revolution
- France feels betrayed because they helped U.S. during their Revolution
1794: Jay’s Treaty
- John Jay: concessions to Britain → Anglo-American alliance → saves U.S. economy
- France: ANGRY
- Federalists: happy, anti-French
- Jeffersonians: angry, pro-French
1795: Pinckney’s Treaty
- Spain grants the U.S. navigation of Mississippi + Florida territories
- Strong diplomacy between Spain and the U.S.
1796: Washington’s Farewell Address
- Isolationism (foreign policy)
- No political parties (domestic policy)
1797-1801: John Adams’s Presidency (Federalist)
1798: XYZ Affair (US-French tensions)
- American mediation/negotiations with France fails (because France disregards American sovereignty)
- Unofficial war with France (Federalists love this because they want stronger ties with Britain)
- Humiliating for America bc France doesn’t respect the US as treaty worthy
1798: Alien and Sedition Acts
- Alienate French immigrants (no spying) → targeting Jeffersonians
- Targets Jeffersonian newspapers too (violates First Amendment)
1798: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
- Jefferson victory: the people (states) are ultimately in charge
- Nullification: states should be able to nullify excessive federal laws

PERIOD 4: 1800 - 1844

America’s “treaty-worthiness”
- The U.S. is now recognized globally as an independent and “treaty- worthy” nation
- But they must stick to Euro-centric policies that are recognized by Britain
1790s-1800s: Second Great Awakening
- Evangelicalism, reform minded societies, active role of women
- Increased slavery-based sectionalism
- William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) uses religious zeal to demand immediate abolition; doesn’t work
1801-1809: Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency (Democratic-Republican)
- Weak central government (central government is like British Parliament)
- Power to the states
- Jefferson’s actions:
  - Brought the two parties together
  - Friendly relationships with foreign nations
  - Strict economy + reduction of debt
  - Jefferson kept mot of Hamiltonian and Federalist policies
  - Change: reduced the military (military dictatorship = bad)
1801: Midnight Judges (John Adams’s last minute attempt to keep Federalism alive through court judges) → John Marshall (Chief Justice)
1803: Marbury v. Madison (Judicial Review) (Marshall Court)
- Supreme Court gets to interpret the Constitution; they get the final say
- Separation of powers (three branches) + independence of judicial branch
- Federal power > state power
1803: Louisiana Purchase
- Louisiana = important to frontier farmers (whom Jefferson cares about)
- Major dilemma:
  - Must go against old friend, France
  - Might have to join hand with old enemy, Britain
- France sells the land to the U.S. for $15M
- Significance:
  - UNCONSTITUTIONAL, but the public supports
  - Avoided rupture with France
  - Foundations of the U.S. becoming a major power (lots of land)
  - Bad for Native Americans
1809-1817: James Madison’s Presidency (Democratic-Republican)
Road to the War of 1812
- 1806: Orders of Council: Britain passes trade restrictions → limits American trade with all of Europe (including France)
- 1807: Chesapeake Affair (Britain seized U.S. ships: no sign of respect)
- 1807: Embargo Act (U.S. forbids all exports to all of Europe)
- 1801-1811: British impressments (forced enlistment of US sailors)
- 1809: Non-intercourse Act (U.S. opened trade to all countries except Britain and France)
- War Hawks (Madison & Democratic Republicans want war on the British)
  - Britain was supplying Natives too → bad for American settlers
- 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe (US vs Tecumseh)
  - Tecumseh & Shawnee tribe fights against American War Hawks
  - Fuels U.S. hate toward Britain
  - Unity for Native Americans
1812: War of 1812
- U.S. ’s worst fight, U.S. completely failed
- BUT England doesn’t find the worth in fighting → agrees on armistice
- 1814: Treaty of Ghent (draw, no winner) → all U.S. territories are restored
Consequences of the War of 1812
- Federalists were opposed to the war → decline of Federalists after war
- SURGE OF NATIONALISM
  - Creation of the Nationalist-Republican Party
  - International respect (treaty-worthiness)
- Less Native American threat (Battles: Tippecanoe & Horseshoe Bend)
- Manufacturing increases (SELF-SUFFICIENCY)
The Era of Good Feelings
- Nationalism + self-sufficiency
- 1816: National Bank reestablished + made bigger
- 1816: Tariff of 1816 (First Protective Tariff)
  - Protecting American industries
  - NOT for revenue
  - Baby industries increase
  - Nationalism + self sufficiency
- The American System (Henry Clay)
  - Goal: self-sufficiency
  - Protective tariffs + internal improvements (roads/canals)
  - Regional specialization
    - North: textiles, South: cotton, West: agriculture (foodstuffs)
  - Causes sectionalism (slavery, tariffs, the Bank, internal imp.)
Westward Movement
- Reasons: cheap land, tobacco destroyed Southern soil, new roads, steamboats, less Native threat
- Issues: transportation = expensive, inflation, question of slavery expansion
- West: rugged pioneerism: frontier life, here to make money, materialism, democratic, intensely patriotic, pull myself up by my bootstraps
1817-1825: James Monroe’s Presidency (Nationalist-Republican)
1819: Florida purchase from Spain (nationalism’s effect on foreign policy)
1820: Missouri Compromise
- Significance: slavery is the biggest issue in America → increases sectionalism between North and South
- How do we decide if new states are slave states or free states?
- Henry Clay’s solution: BALANCE
  - 36°30' line: divides North and South (North = free, South = slave)
  - Missouri → slave state, Maine → free state
  - North response: angry that slavery gets expanded to new territories
  - South response: angry that Congress makes decisions on slavery
1823: Monroe Doctrine
- America is closed to colonization + intervention from Europe
- Causes nationalistic U.S. pride + isolationist foreign policy
1824: Gibbons v Ogden (steamboat case: federal govt controls interstate trade)
1825-1829: John Quincy-Adams’s Presidency (Nationalist-Republican)
1828: Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828) (no longer protective)
1829-1837: Andrew Jackson’s Presidency (Democrat)
- Represents political democracy
- Spoils system: give govt position to only democrats; hatred of bureaucracy
1828-1832: Nullification Crisis
- CAUSES
  - 1828: Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)
    - 25-37% rates (no longer a protective tariff)
    - Debates on protective vs protective tariffs
  - Economics:
    - Old South: falling behind, argues tariff is discriminatory
    - Northeast: booming
    - West: prospering, land value rising, internal improvements
  - Missouri Compromise:
    - Slavery = big issue
    - Tensions between North and South
    - If fed government can control tariffs, is slavery next?
  - South Carolina Exposition (John C Calhoun–Southerner):
    - Doctrine of Nullification: states should be able to nullify the tariff within its borders
- RESULTS:
  - 1833: Compromise: Henry Clay
    - Tariff of 1833 → reduce rates to 20-25% (protective)
  - No nullification (secession instead → increased sectionalism)
  - Union is saved (for now)
1830s: treaties guaranteeing sovereignty for the “Five Civilized Tribes”
- Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles
- Because Natives had sovereignty, ome regions like Georgia and Alabama were unsettled by whites during this time period
1830: Indian Removal Act
- Enabled the government to negotiate with Natives for land
- But Jackson ended up forcing Native removal without consent
1831-1850: TRAIL OF TEARS (result of Indian Removal Act)
- Forceful displacement of 60,000 Natives (the “Five Civilized Tribes”)
  - Forced to migrate from Georgia WESTWARD (the trans-Mississippi West) as white settlers continued to move Westward
1832: Black Hawk War
- Black Hawk (a Native war leader) tried to resist eviction; got crushed
- Results: Native oppression and Westward expansion increased
1833: Creation of the Whig Party
- Reason: opposed to Jackson’s monarchical power
- Whigs:
  - Stimulate economy
  - Government reform
  - Anti-monarchy
  - Country as a whole
- Democrats:
  - States’ rights
  - Federal government should stay out of social/economic affairs
  - Common man
1836: Gag Resolution
- No discussing anti-slavery in Congress (threat to free speech)
- Abolitionists arrested
1847: Bank War (Jackson)
- Jackson hates national bank; corrupt, monopolistic, unconstitutional
- Action: remove federal deposits
- Problem: cycle of booms and busts, currency becomes unreliable
1837-1841: Martin Van-Buren’s Presidency (Democrat)
1837: Panic of 1837, causes:
- Overspeculation in the West
- Jackson’s Bank War
- Failure of wheat
- Failure of British banks → spills over to U.S.
1800-1860: slavery quadrupled, plantation slavery, slavery growing rapidly
1840s: Immigration increases
- Reasons: land, transportation to the West, manufacturing jobs, no compulsory military service in America
- Irish immigration: hatred of Britain, Potato Famine (2 mil dead), settled in the Eastern seaboard cities, become VOTERS
- German immigration: displaced by crop failures, liberal/pro-democracy, settled in the midwest, became farmers + VOTERS
- American response to immigration: N