why did the Nazi’s resume anti semetic policies?

• the international situation had changed in favor of the Nazi’s by 1938

• Anschluss with Austria was titled as a ‘bloodless victory’ in March 1938 no invasion was needed as most Austrians felt German and were happy to comply

• The Takeover of the Sudaten land - September 1938 , followed by the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Allies thought that this would be as far as Hitlers ambitions would go

• Nazi Soviet pact August 1939, ensured that any aggression to Poland wouldn’t be met with soviet aggression, followed by war with Poland 1st September then with Britain and France on 3rd September

• Nazi policies radicalized, four year plan gaining success by late 1937,Schacht, Blomberg and Fritsch were sidelined due to their moderate stances

• Anti-semetic decrees of 1938: decree of registration of Jewish Property on April 1938 was the beginning of Aryanisation. In April 1938 there were 40,000 Jewish owned businesses and in 1939 there were just 4,000

• Jews were banned from working in a range of jobs like: travelling salesmen, security guards,travel agents and estate agents

• Passports were stamped with a J in October 1938

Reich Kristallnacht

• 9-10 November 1938

• started because a Nazi official was shot and killed in Paris by a 17 year old jew

• Richard Burger was an Austrian Jewish trade unionist who was targeted and killed in Kristallnacht

• Reich Kristallnacht was essentially a raid to imprisson healthy young Jewish men to put them in camps and destroy jewish property

• 150+ towns and villages were attacked

• 7000 homes and synagogues were destroyed

• In Baden Baden 80 Jewish men are rounded up and abused through the streets and into a synagogue

9 reasons Kristallnacht was significant

1. outwardly displayed Nazi anti-semetic hate on a mass scale

2. impacted Jewish businesses

3. Aryanisation of what once was Jewish owned- this was known as purification

4. it could be seen as the SS attempting to set an example to follow

5. Shows Nazi’s were confident in becoming more radical

6. seen as the long term start of the Holocaust

7. civilian involvement

8. Goebells power increased

9. Jews were forced to pay for the damages

Youth policies

• Law for the establishment of a professional civil service dismissed teachers if they were jewish or politically unreliable, this lead to 1200 university staff being dismissed

• Teachers were forced to join the nationalist socialist teachers league [NSLB], by 1937 97% of teachers had joined and 2/3 of these had sat a month long ideology course

• Nazi’s put less emphasis on on education with 113,000 university students in 1933 decreasing to 57,000 in 1939. Jews were limited to 1.5% of university spaces

• between 1932 and 1938 Hitler youth membership grew by 75.7% and membership became compulsory in 1939

policies towards women

• aimed to increase birthrates they did this by offering marriage loans to women who gave up their jobs and for every baby born repayment was decreased by 1/4

• limited uni places to 10% to prepare them for their ‘ real purpose ‘

• labensborn was a state run brothel scheme of SS men to create more Aryan children by 1944 11,000 children were born from this

Workers

• 2nd May 1933 trade unions were abolished and workers were coordinated under DAF on 6th may 1933

• 1938 volkswagen car scheme, 5 marks per week was payed for a car which they never received as by 1939 car production switched to military production

Churches

• Nazi’s aimed to reorganise the church to reflect Nazi society, this was successful

• the nazi aim was achieved by the protestant evangelical church became Reich Church in 1933

• the Vatican and regime agreed to not interfere with politics and regime to not interfere with the catholic youth groups, this was broke in NOLK as multiple Catholics were killed

The development of Anti-semetic policies

1938

• April- registration of Jewish assets over 500 marks

• October- Jewish passports stamped with a large J

• November- Jews forbidden to visit theaters, expulsion of all jewish pupils from schools

• December- compulsory sale of all jewish businesses

1939

• September- German invasion of Poland and the Ghettoisation of poland

• October- Euthanasia programme authorised by Hitler

• November- Jews in occupied Poland made to wear the star of David

1940

• April- German invasion of western Europe

The effect of the Anschluss with Austria

• anschluss with Austria in March 1938

• Anschluss with Austria was a long term ambition of German nationalists

• it wasn’t hostile

• German troops were welcomed into Austria

• ‘ bloodless victory ‘

• it encouraged them to adopt more radical racial policies

• after the success, they invaded Czechoslovakia, which included a large German minority living in the Sudaten Land , it was given over bloodlessly in September 1938, the whole country was taken over in 1939

• August 1939 Nazi-Soviet non aggression pact made

• invasion of Poland in September 1939

Anti semetic decrees April to November 1938

• april 1938- decree for registration of Jewish property provided for the confiscation of all jewish owned property worth more than 5000 Marks, this was the aryanisation of jewish property. in April 1938 there was roughly 40,000 jewish businesses and by 1939 only 8000 remained

• 30,000 jewish travelling salesmen lost their job

• in 1938 jews lost their right to public welfare

• A new law in 1939 making all male Jews adopt the additional first name of ‘ israel‘ and for females to adopt the additional last name of ‘ sarah ‘

• in 1941 Jews were forced to publicly wear the star of David

Emigration

• Germany spoke of making Germany ‘ Jew free ‘

• from 1938 to autum 1941 emigration was seen as the solution to the Jewish problem by Nazi leadership

voluntary emigration

• strictly controlled

• in 1933 37,000 Jews left Germany voluntarily including Albert Einstein

• between march 1933 to November 1938 150,000 Jews voluntarily left Germany

• the Nazi’s encouraged Voluntary Emigration

• influenced Zionists to emigrate into Palestine

• Most German Jews felt thoroughly German and didn’t want to leave

• Jewish parents were keen to get their parents out of Germany and between 1938-39 9000 Jewish children were sent to Britain

Controlled emigration

• central office for Jewish emigration was set up and 45000 of 180000 jews were forced to emigrate

• January 1939 Reinhard Heydrich took over the office

the impact of war against Poland

• war broke out with Poland in the September of 1939

• with new territories in which Jews could be settled it also brought many more Jews under Nazi rule , the emphasis moved away from forced emigration to deportations and the resettlement of Jews

• anti-semitism was more extreme by 1938

• war provided the regime with the ability to :

  • enable them with more dictoral power

  • propaganda that would whip up patriotism

  • new territories

  • Germanisation of occupied territories and a ‘ Jew free ‘ empire

• western Poland, upper silesia, west prussia and the warthegau were into the German Reich

• according to the Polish census in 1931 there was 3,115,000 Jews in Poland , 61% of which lived in territory occupied by the Nazi’s in 1939

• Nazi’s intended to use the General government district as a dumping ground for Poles and Jews

• Heinrich Muller introduced Adolf Eichmann as the head of Jewish emmigration to arrange the deportation of 70,000 - 80000 Jews

• Hitler demanded the deportation of 300,000 Jews from Germany

• between November 1939 and February 1940 the SS attempted to deport 1 million people eastwards, 550,000 of which were Jewish

the Madagascar plan

• the french anti semites fist suggested sending Jews to Madagascar in the late 1930’s

• the German invasion of France in the 1940’s , internal German affairs office suggested Madagascar should be taken off France

• vichy France would be responsible for resettling 25,000 French population in Madagascar to free it up for the Jews

• Nazi planned to send 40 million Jews to Madagascar

• first phase: farmers, construction workers and artisans up to 45 ready to receive a mass influx of Jews

• the Madagascar plan only seemed viable in early autumn of 1940 due to the failure of the end of the British war meant the British navy couldn’t intervene with the transport of Jews

• the plan was shelved in favor of the plan to send European Jews into deep Siberia, this change proved that the decision to eliminate Jews had not yet been decided at this point

• the driving force of the plan was the removal of Jews from Europe and hope that they’d slowly die off from the harsh conditions