إجراءات محاضرة الحماية

The establishment of the French Protectorate in Morocco involved several factors.
France negotiated bilateral agreements to secure its position in Morocco.
In 1902, Italy relinquished claims to Morocco in exchange for Libya.
In 1904, Britain ceded its interests in Morocco to France in return for concessions in Egypt.
France gained multiple advantages in Morocco through the Algeciras Conference in 1906.
In 1911, France ceded part of the Congo basin to Germany.
On November 27, 1912, an agreement with Spain defined the zones of influence in Morocco.
The Algeciras Conference of 1906 established a special system for Tangier, managed by multiple countries.

An economic and financial crisis occurred, exacerbated by the Moroccan Sultanate's failure to impose the Tertib tax in 1902.
Morocco resorted to borrowing from European countries, especially France.
A severe political crisis arose due to the Sultanate's weakness.
Scholars in Fez removed Sultan Moulay Abdelaziz and pledged allegiance to Moulay Abdelhafid in 1907.
Several rebellions occurred, including those led by Bouhmara in the east and Raisuli in the north.
Exploiting these conditions, France imposed the Protectorate Treaty on Morocco on March 30, 1912, resulting in Morocco losing its independence.

Before 1912: Eastern Morocco was occupied (Oujda, Rabat, Fez, Chaouia, Casablanca).
1912-1914: Occupation of Tadla, Haouz, and Souss.
1914-1920: Occupation of the Middle Atlas and High Atlas regions.
1921-1926: Occupation of the Rif and northern regions, along with parts of the Middle Atlas.
1926-1934: Occupation of the remaining southern and southeastern regions.

After establishing the Protectorate, France and Spain divided Morocco into three zones of influence.
- Northern and Southern zones: Spain.
- Central zone: France.
- Tangier: International zone.

France and Spain established colonial administrations.
France: Central, regional, and local administration was set up with the General Residence controlling all powers, aided by local leaders (Qaids and Pashas). The Sultan retained limited powers, mainly religious roles and signing decrees (Dahirs). After Lyautey's resignation in 1925, the Protectorate turned into direct colonial administration, expanding the powers of the Resident General.
Spain: A High Commissioner oversaw affairs in the northern zone (the Caliphate), assisted by officers of indigenous affairs and local leaders. The Caliph represented the Sultan in the region, with its capital in Tetouan.

Moroccans resisted the occupation across the country:
- Southern Tribes: Led by Ahmed al-Hiba, who was defeated at the Battle of Sidi Bou Othman in 1912.
- Zayan Tribes in the Middle Atlas: Led by Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, who won the Battle of El Herri against the French army in 1914.
- Rif Tribes: Led by Mohamed bin Abdelkrim El Khattabi, inflicted major defeats on the Spanish army, notably at the Battle of Annual in 1921.
- Saghro Tribes: Led by Assou Oubasslam, inflicted significant losses on the French army despite their defeat in the Battle of Bougafer in 1933.

Financial Exploitation: French banks stimulated and aided colonization by financing major public works (roads, railways, bridges, ports). These projects facilitated the exploitation and transfer of Morocco's resources abroad, primarily benefiting French agricultural and industrial projects.
Agricultural Exploitation: Colonizers seized the best Moroccan agricultural lands through land registration, forced sales, enticements, threats, and the establishment of public and private settlements. Lands were concentrated in fertile plains, modernized with advanced techniques, and directed towards producing cash crops.
Industrial Exploitation: Colonizers focused on light and extractive industries in coastal cities, exploiting Morocco as a market for their goods and investing surplus capital. They utilized cheap labor and raw materials, while traditional crafts were neglected. The trade balance was characterized by a surplus of raw material exports and a deficit of manufactured goods imports.

In Rural Areas: Land registration led to the decline of communal land ownership in favor of individual ownership. Prime agricultural lands were concentrated in the hands of settlers, large landowners, and foreign companies. Farmers faced heavy taxes, leading to migration to cities or work on colonial farms as agricultural laborers.
In Cities: Migration led to urban expansion, the growth of marginal neighborhoods, slums, and shanty towns. A growing working class faced poverty, low wages, and denial of union rights and holidays. A new class emerged, engaging in capitalism and forming the nucleus of the Moroccan bourgeoisie. Traditional industries declined.