Lecture Notes Review

Metals

  • Bronze: Alloys of copper with tin.
  • Brass: Alloys of copper with zinc.
  • Oxides:
    • Act as the primary ore source for metals.
    • Iron, aluminum, and copper can be extracted from oxides.

Aluminum Forming

  • Embossing:
    • Sheet aluminum is pressed between mated rollers or dies.
    • This process creates a raised pattern on one side and a negative indent on the other.
  • Rolling:
    • Heated aluminum ingots are compressed and elongated using rollers.
    • Produces:
      • Plates: more than 6mm thick.
      • Sheet: 0.15mm to 6mm thick.
      • Foil: less than 0.15mm thick.

Wood Defects

  • Wane: Bark or other soft material remaining on the edge of a board.
  • Pitch Pockets:
    • Well-defined openings between annual rings.
    • Contain free resin.
  • Checks:
    • Ruptures in wood along the grain.
    • Develop during seasoning.
    • Can occur on the surface or end of a board.

Wood Products

  • Glue Laminated Timbers:
    • Composed of two or more wood layers glued together.
    • The grain of all layers is parallel.
    • Applications: beams, columns, furniture, sports equipment, and decorative wood finishes.
  • Plywood:
    • Composed of sheets of wood called plies, glued together.
    • Grain directions of adjacent plies are at right angles to each other.

Asphalt Mixtures

  • Extraction:
    • Quantitative determination of asphalt content in bituminous paving mixtures.
    • Asphalt content is expressed as:
      • Percentage by weight of total weight of mix.
      • Percentage by weight of dry aggregates.
  • Dry Stability: Compressive strength of freshly molded and cured specimens.
  • Job-Mix Formula:
    • Primary quality control mechanism for asphalt mixture production.
    • Ensures uniformity that meets job requirements.

Bituminous Applications

  • Bituminous Tack Coat:
    • Preparing and treating existing bituminous or cement concrete with bituminous material.
  • Bituminous Road Mix Surface Course:
    • Constructing a bituminous road mix surface course on a prepared base.

Forming Methods

  1. Extrusion
  2. Rolling
  3. Roll Forming
  4. Brake Forming
  5. Cutting Operations

Classification of Exogenous Trees

  1. Hard Wood
  2. Soft Wood

Organisms that Degrade Wood

  1. Fungi
  2. Bacteria
  3. Insects

Job-Mix Formula Requirements

Each Job-Mix Formula must propose definite single values for:

  1. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve size.
  2. The percentage of bituminous material to be added.
  3. The temperature of the mixture delivered on the road.
  4. The kind and percentage of additive to be used.
  5. The kind and percentage of mineral filler to be used.