Ch. 13: Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500-1600
Questions/Terms | Notes |
1) What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant Reform Movements?
| Overview
Papal Reform and the Council of Trent 1) Catholic (Counter) Reformation: a movement for the internal reform within the Catholic Church, also known as the Counter-Reformation, that aimed to address issues that arose in response to the Protestant Reformation. 1) Pope Paul III: pope from 1534-1549 who got rid of the attitude that by keeping a blind eye towards church reforms would result in a loss of church power. He supported improvements in clergy education, the end of selling church offices, and a stricter focus on clerical life → The papal court became the center of the Catholic reform movement. The most important pope who challenged Protestantism. 1) Holy Office & Roman Inquisition: established by Pope Paul III in 1542. Held jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition which was a powerful instrument of the Catholic Reformation. → Had great power over all Catholics. Effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States. -The Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Roman Inquisitions beginning in 1542. → Got Southern Germany back to Catholicism. 1) Index of Prohibited Books: published by the Holy Office; a catalogue of forbidden reading that included works by Christian humanists such as Erasmus and Protestants. 1) Council of Trent: called for by Pope Paul III and met from 1545 to 1563 in a city close to Italy. → Was called to reform the Catholic Church and to secure reconciliation with Protestants. Established the foundation for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church (scriptures and tradition seen as valid sources of authority, reaffirmed the seven sacraments, great emphasis laid on preaching and instructing the uneducated, got rid of indulgences). -Also ended the widespread practice of private marriages by stating that marriage vows had to be stated in front of a priest and witnesses. -Approved the Index pf Forbidden Books New and Reformed Religious Orders 1) Teresa de Avila: (1515-1582) a Carmelite nun in Spain who traveled around the country reforming the Carmelite order to bring it back to stricter standards of asceticism and poverty. → Investigated by the Spanish Inquisition to make sure her inspiration came from God, not the Devil 1) Angela Merici (Ursuline order of Nuns): founded the Ursuline order of Nuns in 1535 → focused on the education of women so they could fight heresy, her order rapidly spread to France and the New World. 1) Jesuits: the most significant new order also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola. → played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world; overall goal was “to help souls",” not to reform the church. Blended humanism and religion together. -Vowed special obedience to the pope -Organization attracted young men due to the flexibility and willingness to respond to the needs of the time -Brought southern Germany and much of eastern Europe back to Catholicism -Jesuit schools created that educated the sons of the nobility as well as the poor -Experienced great political influence 1) Ignatius Loyola: (1491-1556) was first in the military; founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) → Wrote Spiritual Exercises (1548), and this work set our a training program of structured meditation designed to develop spiritual discipline- did this by providing daily exercises that build religious intensity over time -His three goals were to 1) reform the church through education, 2) spread the Gospel to pagan peoples, 3) fight Protestantism Memory Device for the Catholic Reformation (Saint Paul) Society of Jesus Abuses reformed in Church practices Index of Prohibited Books No significant change in Church doctrine Trent Council of Pope Paul III Anti-Protestant Ursuline Order of Nuns Latin Vulgate |
Ch. 15: Absolutism and Constitutionalism, ca. 1589-1725
“Baroque Art and Music”
Questions/Terms | Notes |
2) What were the crises and achievements of seventeenth-century European states?
| 2) Baroque (include style & connection to Catholic Reformation): a style in art and music lasting from roughly 1600 to 1750 characterized by the use of drama and motion to create heightened emotion, especially prevalent in Catholic countries. → papacy and Jesuits encouraged the growth of emotional art because they wanted Catholics to kindle their faith while also proclaiming the power and confidence of the reformed Catholic Church. While individuals couldn’t read the Bible themselves, they could feel connected to their faith through artwork.
2) Peter Paul Rubens: (1577-1640), the most outstanding and most representative of baroque painters, Flemish artist. → Developed a rich, sensuous, colorful style of art that was characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts, and monumental size.
2) Johann Sebastian Bach: (1685-1750), organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches across Germany. →His organ music combined the baroque spirit of invention, tension, and emotion in an unforgettable striving toward the infinite. |