Consequences of Industrialization Study Guide

UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE - Consequences of Industrialization

BIG PICTURE IDEAS

• #1: Western industrialized countries demanded more raw materials overseas leading to the rise of imperialism and the growth of export economies.

• #2: Imperialists used different rationales like Social Darwinism and religious conversion to justify their expanding empires and the exploitation of indigenous peoples. This was often called the "White Man's Burden."

• #3: Direct resistance to Western attempts at building settler colonies led to a newfound sense of community called nationalism amongst the indigenous populations.

• #4: Industrialized states practiced Economic Imperialism by organizing trade to their advantage. Export economies specialized in a single crop like cotton in Egypt, rubber in the Congo, and palm oil in West Africa.

• #5: Urbanization and industrialization led to an increase in migration as people moved to large cities. This movement of peoples often created ethnic enclaves within cities where peoples and cultures mixed.

KEY VOCAB

• Imperialism: Policy or ideology of extending a country's rule over foreign nations, often through military force or diplomatic pressure.

• White Man's Burden: A concept suggesting that Western nations had an obligation to civilize and educate non-Western peoples.

• Taiping Rebellion: A massive civil war in southern China (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty.

• Sepoy Rebellion: A revolt against the British East India Company's rule in India, occurring in 1857.

• Settler Colonialism: A form of colonialism where settlers migrate with the intention of establishing permanent residence.

• Banana Republics: Small Central American countries, often influenced by foreign companies, typically engaged in exporting bananas and other tropical products.

• Migration: Movement of people from one place to another, often for economic reasons.

• Enclaves: Regions or communities that are culturally or ethnically distinct from the surrounding area.

• Congo Free State: A large state in Central Africa established by King Leopold II of Belgium, noted for its extreme exploitation and atrocities against local populations.

• Open Door Policy: U.S. policy that advocated for equal trading rights in China.

• Opium Wars: Two wars between China and Britain (1839-42, 1856-60) primarily over the British trade of opium in China.

• Guano: A fertilizer containing the accumulated excrement of seabirds, used in the 19th century for agricultural purposes.

• Potato Famine: A period of mass starvation in Ireland during the 1840s due to potato blight, leading to significant emigration, particularly to the United States.

• Berlin Conference: A meeting in 1884-1885 in which European nations established rules for the colonization of Africa.

• Suez Canal: A man-made waterway in Egypt, opened in 1869, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

MAIN CHARACTERS

• Charles Darwin: Naturalist whose ideas about evolution and natural selection influenced ideologies like Social Darwinism.

• King Leopold II: King of Belgium known for his brutal colonization of the Congo.

• Cecil Rhodes: British imperialist known for his role in southern African colonization and the establishment of Rhodesia.

• Matthew Perry: U.S. naval officer who played a key role in opening Japan to the West.

• Otto von Bismarck: German statesman who orchestrated the Berlin Conference and was instrumental in the unification of Germany.

RATIONALE FOR IMPERIALISM

Images Rationale

1. Image #1: Depicts the concept of White Man's Burden; the American carries a Filipino to a schoolhouse, illustrating the belief of aiding in modernization/civilization.

2. Image #2: Reflects Religious Conversion, showing Dr. Livingstone reading to Africans, using religion as justification for imperialism.

3. Image #3: Symbolizes Social Darwinism; Uncle Sam teaches the newest parts of his empire, implying a civilizing mission.

Cartoon Analysis

• Point of View: The cartoon showcases that European imperialists are disregarding indigenous populations in Africa as they divide the continent.

STATE EXPANSION

Industrialization and Imperialism

1. Direct Causes:

   • Industrialization required raw materials to feed machines in factories.

   • Desire for new markets to sell manufactured goods.

2. Historical Context:

   • The cartoon reflects the Scramble for Africa and King Leopold II's exploitation of the Congo's resources, notably rubber.

3. Political Effect:

   • Led to increased scrutiny and awareness of human rights abuses in the Congo, transitioning from Leopold's private ownership to Belgian colonial rule.

INDIRECT IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM

1. Russian vs. Japanese Imperialism: Both empires expanded their territories by conquering neighboring regions rather than distant lands: Russia in Siberia/China, and Japan in Korea/Taiwan/China.

2. Berlin Conference Effects:

   • Resulted in the near-total colonization of Africa by European powers.

   • The process of division was largely peaceful despite the intense conflict it incited among indigenous populations.

INDIGENOUS RESPONSES

Examples of Resistance

1. Tupac Amaru II: Led a rebellion against Spanish rule in Peru, emphasizing direct resistance to colonial authority.

2. Yaa Asantewaa: Defender of the Ashanti kingdom against British invasions.

3. Sepoy Rebellion: Uprising in 1857 by British Indian soldiers against Company rule due to cultural insensitivity regarding new military equipment.

4. Nationalism: Both resistance movements and broader rebellions were fueled by burgeoning nationalistic sentiments seeking self-determination.

Anti-Imperialism Movements Chart

Cartoon Analysis

• Septoy Rebellion Cartoon Insight: British lion represents the Empire, while the Indian tiger represents the rebellious spirit; reflects British perception of their own efforts as justified and benevolent.

ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM

Factory System Growth

• Increased demand for raw materials led to the establishment of specialized export economies in colonies.

Primary Exports by Region

• Egypt: Cotton

• Amazon/Congo: Rubber

• West Africa: Palm Oil

• Peru/Pacific: Guano

• Argentina: Meat/Beef

• South Africa: Diamonds

Opium Wars Effects

• Resulted in Qing concessions via unequal treaties, notably the cession of Hong Kong to Britain and opening additional ports.

• Contributed to unrest, catalyzing the Taiping Rebellion.

Political Context Cartoon Analysis

• Reflects American expansionism under Manifest Destiny and efforts to build a canal in Central America, particularly in Nicaragua, following territorial gains.

Rise of Banana Republics

• Economies shifted towards exports in the 19th century under the influence of foreign businesses and political manipulation by entities such as the United Fruit Company.

Economic Imperialism Examples

• East Asia: The British and French expanded influence in China via the Opium trade.

• South Asia: British restructured Indian economy to support cotton production for British factories.

• Africa: Western powers exploited natural resources, creating extractive economies.

Effects of America's Open Door Policy in China

• Encouraged Western cooperation for equal trade opportunities.

• Resulted in foreign military presence, helping to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, while simultaneously weakening Qing dynasty control.

MIGRATIONS

Transportation Effects

• New transport technologies (steamboats, railroads) led to faster, cheaper travel, encouraging urban migration.

• Catalyzed urban sprawl and growth of cities due to influx of workers seeking jobs.

Great Migration Context

• The Irish Potato Famine resulted in significant migration waves to the United States, with a focus on survival and employment.

Causes and Effects of Migrations

Coerced Labor Examples

• Convict Labor: Used in the U.S and Australia for manual labor.

• Semi-Coerced Labor: Indian laborers in Africa and the Indian Ocean region.

Demographic Shifts in Home Countries

• Migration disproportionately affected demographics, reducing the population of young male workers.

• Resulted in an overall decline in the youth population within origin territories due to emigration.

Urban Enclaves

• Migrants often congregated in ethnic enclaves within cities, allowing for the preservation of cultural identities and languages.

Discrimination Against Migrants

Cartoon Point of View

• Challenges the narrative of discrimination by illustrating the immigrant experience as both shared and historical, highlighting hypocrisy among anti-immigration sentiments.

THESIS PRACTICE

Prompt: Evaluate the extent to which imperialism affected economies in Africa and/or Asia in the late nineteenth century.

• Thesis Statement: Western imperialism drastically affected the economies of Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century. Imperialism led many African and Asian economies to convert to export economies, focused primarily on supplying raw materials to the more powerful economies of the West.

• Supporting Evidence: Development of cotton production in Egypt and India through significant changes in agricultural practices to meet British trade requirements underpinned economic transitions to export-oriented models.