CELL CYCLE

  • It is the series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides to produce two new daughter cells. It's a tightly regulated process that ensures proper duplication of cellular components and accurate division of genetic material.

  • Has 2 phases: Interphase & Mitosis

  • It is the distribution of DNA

  • Binary Fission happens in prokaryotic cells while Mitosis and Meiosis happens in eukaryotic cells


INTERPHASE

  • The cell spends most of their time in this phase

  • Has 3 sub-phases: G1, S, G2


GAP 1 (G1)

  • Cell growth

  • A checkpoint happens in order to check if the cell size is normal


SYNTHESIS (S)

  • DNA replication takes place, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes. Each chromosome now consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere


GAP 2 (G2)

  • The cell continues to grow and produces the necessary proteins and organelles for mitosis

  • A checkpoint occus in order for the cell to check if the DNA and chromosomes are copied before mitosis occurs.


MITOSIS

  • During mitosis, the cell undergoes a series of stages—prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—that ensure proper segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells. After telophase, the final stage is cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

  • Diploid


PROPHASE

  • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

  • Nucleolus disappears

  • Nuclear envelope breaks down

  • Mitotic spindle is formed


METAPHASE

  • Chromosomes / chromatids align at the metaphase plate at the center

  • A checkpoint occurs in order to check if the daughter cells have correct number in chromatids, nuclei, and spindle fibers.


ANAPHASE

  • Spindle fibers begin to shorten

  • Sister chromatids separate from each other

  • Chromatids move to opposite poles


TELOPHASE

  • Nuclear membrane starts to form

  • Chromosomes are no longer visible and folds back into chromatin


CYTOKINESIS

  • Division of cytoplasm, making two new diploid 5cells

  • Completes the entire stage of cell cycle.


APOPTOSIS

  • programmed cell death

  • forms a bleb

  • uses aPhagocytosis which eats cells


TUMORS

  • Has two types: Benin and Malignant


Benin: clump of solid cells, clustered together

Malignant: breaks away


Cancel can usually treated by the following:

  • Chemotherapy

  • Immunotheraphy

  • Surgery

  • Radiation


MEIOSIS

  • Sexual reproduction

  • 2 divisions, 4 daughter cells

  • Known as reduction division as the chromosomes are halves

  • Non-identical Cells

  • Haploid

  • Meiosis I and Meiosis II


GAMETOGENESIS

  • Formation of sex cells, wherein spermatogensis is for males while oogenesis for female.


MEIOSIS I

  • Homologous chromosomes (chromosome pairs, with one inherited from each parent, that carry the same genes in the same order) are divided

  • 2 haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes


PROPHASE I

  • Forms tetrads when chromosomes condenses

  • Nucleolus disappears

  • Nuclear envelope breaks down

  • Spindle fibers is formed


METAPHASE I

  • Homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate at the center

  • The chromosomes get mixed


ANAPHASE I

  • Homologous chromosomes separate from each other


TELOPHASE I

  • Nuclear membrane starts to form

  • Chromosomes are pulled in opposite sides

  • 2 haploid cells

  • Spindle fibers disassemble

  • Cytokinesis occurs after


MEIOSIS II

  • Division of sister chromatids


PROPHASE II

  • New spindle forms

  • Chromosomes pulled at opposite sides


METAPHASE II

  • Line up along the spindle fiber


ANAPHASE II

  • Sister chromatids seperate


TELOPHASE II

  • Nuclear membrane starts to form

  • 4 haploid cells

  • Spindle fibers disassemble

  • Cytokinesis occurs after


GENETIC DISORDERS CAUSE BY MEIOSIS

Chromosomes usually have 23 diploid pairs and 46 chromosomes in total. There are 22 pairs of autosomes (body cells) and 1 pair of sex chromosomes wherein XX are female chromosomes while XY are male chromosomes. The X is larger while the Y is shorter.


KARYOGRAM

  • Chromosomes are group together in pairs arranged by size (karyotyping)

NONDISJUNCTION

  • Failure to seperate of the chromosomes


TURNER’S SYNDROME

  • Sex chromosomes are missing one

DOWN SYNDROME

  • 3 chromosomes in pair 21

KINEFELTER SYNDROME

  • More than 2 chromosomes in pair 23

  • XXXY, XXY, so on and so forth

JACOB SYNDROME (CRIMINAL SYNDROME/SUPERMALE SYNDROME)

  • Male extra Y chromosome

TRIPLE X SYNDROME (SUPERFEMALE SYNDROME)

  • Trisomy X (XXX)

  • Happens to female


i made this at 3 am goodluck to us we r so cooked i love u so much caleb escullar