Untitled

Breathing Process

• Mechanical ventilation occurs in lungs (inhaling/exhaling).

• Gas exchange in alveoli: O$<em>2$ into blood, CO$</em>2$ out.

Circulatory Systems

• Two circuits: pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body).

• O$<em>2$ moves from blood to tissues; CO$</em>2$ from tissues to blood.

• Cellular respiration happening in cells (mitochondria).

Respiratory Anatomy Overview

• Upper Respiratory System: head to larynx.

• Lower Respiratory System: lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

• Left lung: 2 lobes; Right lung: 3 lobes.

• Complex with digestive system: mouth, nose, pharynx.

Pharynx Anatomy

• Divisions: Nasopharynx (upper), Oropharynx (middle), Laryngopharynx (lower).

• Epiglottis covers glottis during swallowing.

Airway Structure

• Trachea: c-shaped cartilaginous rings prevent collapse; connects larynx to bronchi.

• Bronchi: primary and secondary bronchial divisions; cartilaginous support.

• Bronchioles: smooth muscle for air regulation; respond to O$<em>2$ and CO$</em>2$ levels.

Alveoli Function

• Alveoli: one cell thick, surrounded by capillaries for efficient gas exchange.

• Gas exchange requires minimal barrier (2 cells + basement membrane).

Mucus and Cilia

• Epithelium in nasal passages: pseudostratified columnar with cilia for moving mucus and trapping particles.

• Oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous for abrasion resistance.

Respiratory Conditions

• Asthma: bronchial constriction leading to difficulty breathing.

• Effect of altitude on lung efficiency: reduced gas exchange efficacy.