Pearson Book Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Page 1: Introduction
Basic Chemical Principles Affecting Living Things
Understanding matter and energy is crucial for biology.
Page 3: The Nature of Matter
Key Questions
What are the subatomic particles of atoms?
How do isotopes of an element compare?
Differences between compounds and their elements.
Types of chemical bonds.
Vocabulary
Atom, nucleus, electron, element, isotope, compound, ionic bond, ion, covalent bond, molecule, van der Waals forces.
Atoms
Subatomic Particles
Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), electrons (negative charge).
Atoms are electrically neutral due to equal protons and electrons.
Page 4: Elements and Isotopes
Chemical Elements
Pure substances made of one type of atom.
Represented by symbols (e.g., C for carbon).
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different neutron counts.
Radioactive isotopes have practical uses in science and medicine.
Page 5: Chemical Compounds
Compounds vs. Elements
Compounds have different properties than their constituent elements.
Example: Water (H2O) vs. hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Chemical Bonds
Atoms in compounds are held by ionic and covalent bonds.
Page 6: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Formed by the transfer of electrons, resulting in charged ions.
Covalent Bonds
Formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
Page 7: Review of Key Concepts
Structure of an Atom
Isotopes and Their Properties
Definition of Compounds
Types of Chemical Bonds
Page 8: Van der Waals Forces
Intermolecular Forces
Weak attractions between molecules due to charge differences.
Important for the adhesion of gecko feet to surfaces.
Page 9: Properties of Water
Key Questions
How does water's structure contribute to its properties?
Importance of water as a solvent.
Role of buffers in maintaining pH.
Vocabulary
Hydrogen bond, cohesion, adhesion, mixture, solution, solute, solvent, suspension, pH scale, acid, base, buffer.
Page 10: Water Molecule Structure
Polarity of Water
Uneven distribution of charges leads to hydrogen bonding.
Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion: Attraction between water molecules.
Adhesion: Attraction between water and other substances.
Page 11: Solutions and Suspensions
Mixtures
Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures (e.g., saltwater).
Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures (e.g., blood).
Page 12: Acids, Bases, and pH
Importance of pH
pH scale measures acidity and basicity.
Buffers help maintain stable pH levels in biological systems.
Page 13: Acids and Bases
Definitions
Acids produce H+ ions; bases produce OH- ions.
Importance of buffers in biological systems.
Page 14: Carbon Compounds
Key Questions
Elements carbon bonds with to form life's molecules.
Functions of macromolecules.
Vocabulary
Monomer, polymer, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, nucleotide, protein, amino acid.
Page 15: Macromolecules
Polymerization
Process of forming macromolecules from monomers.
Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins.
Page 16: Carbohydrates
Functions
Main energy source and structural components.
Types
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
Page 17: Lipids
Characteristics
Not soluble in water; includes fats, oils, and waxes.
Functions
Energy storage, biological membranes, and signaling.
Page 18: Nucleic Acids
Structure
Composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base).
Functions
Store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA).
Page 19: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Key Questions
Changes in chemical bonds during reactions.
Role of enzymes as catalysts.
Vocabulary
Chemical reaction, reactant, product, activation energy, catalyst, enzyme, substrate.
Page 20: Energy Changes in Reactions
Types of Reactions
Energy-releasing vs. energy-absorbing reactions.
Activation Energy
Energy required to initiate a reaction.
Page 21: Enzymes
Function
Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Specific binding of substrates to enzymes.
Page 22: Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Factors Affecting Enzymes
Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules influence enzyme activity.
Page 23: Guided Inquiry
Experiment Design
Investigate how temperature affects enzyme activity.
Page 24: Study Guide
Key Concepts Summary
Nature of matter, properties of water, carbon compounds, chemical reactions, and enzymes.
Page 25: Assessment Questions
Understanding Key Concepts
Questions on atoms, compounds, water properties, and enzyme functions.
Page 26: Additional Assessment
Critical Thinking Questions
Explore the properties of water and the role of carbon in life.
Page 27: Connecting Concepts
Graph Interpretation
Analyze data on enzyme activity at different temperatures.
Page 28: Multiple Choice Questions
Test Knowledge
Questions on chemical reactions, organic molecules, and enzyme functions.
Page 29: Unit Project
Experiment Design
Propose experiments to test a new heartburn medication