George Washington

• Personal

  • Born in 1732 in Virginia

  • Eldest of six children

  • Married Martha Washington in 1759

  • Died in 1799 in Virginia

• Acts

  • Coinage Act, Residence Act, Neutrality Act, Judiciary Act, Naturalization Act, Excise Tax on Whiskey, Copyright Act, Fugitive Slave Act

• Cabinet

  • Included Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox

• Amendments

  • Bill of Rights, 11th Amendment

• Scandals

  • Farmers' Rebellion, Whiskey Rebellion, Citizen Genet Affair

John Adams

• Personal

  • Born in 1735 in Massachusetts

  • Married Abigail Smith in 1764

  • Died in 1826

• Acts

  • Critic of Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Alien and Sedition Acts, Federal Bankruptcy Act, Midnight Judges Act

• Cabinet

  • Included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Stoddert, Timothy Pickering, John Marshall, Oliver Welcott Jr., Samuel Dexter, James McHenry, Samuel Dexter, Charles Lee

• Scandals

  • Boston Massacre, XYZ Affair, Fries's Rebellion

• Foreign Affairs

  • Revolutionary War, The Quasi-War

• Gov. Positions

  • Served in the Second Continental Congress, as VP under Washington

• Slavery

  • Did not own slaves

• Treaties

  • Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Tellico, Treaty of Amity, Treaty with Tunis, Treaty of Mortefontaine, Treaty of San Ildefonso

• Others

  • Established the Library of Congress

• Firsts

  • First president born in Massachusetts, to live in the White House, to have previously served as vice president, to have previously served as an ambassador to a foreign country, to be a lawyer, who had never served in the military, to not be a slave owner, to wear a powdered wig

Thomas Jefferson

• Personal

  • Author of the Declaration of Independence

  • Born in Shadwell, Virginia in 1743

  • Married Martha Wayles Skelton in 1772

  • Had interests in architecture, music, reading, and gardening

  • Died on July 4, 1826

• Acts

  • Embargo Act (1807)

  • Military Peace Establishment Act (1802)

  • Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves (1807)

• Cabinet

  • Aaron Burr, George Clinton → Vice President

  • James Madison → Secretary of State

  • Samuel Dexter, Albert Gallatin → Secretary of Treasury

  • Henry Dearborn → Secretary of War

  • Levi Lincoln Sr., John Breckinbridge, Caesar Augustus Rodney → Attorney General

James Madison

• Personal

  • Founding Father of the United States

  • Born in Port Conway, Virginia in 1751

  • Married Dolley Madison

  • Died in Montpelier, Virginia in 1836

• Acts

  • Erskine Agreement (1809)

  • Army bill (1812)

  • Macon’s Bill Number 2 (Reversed of Embargo Act, 1810)

• Cabinet

  • George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry → Vice President

  • James Monroe → Secretary of State

  • Caesar Rodney, William Pickney, Richard Rush → Attorney General

  • Albert Gallatin, George Campbell, Alexander Dallas, William Crawford → Secretary of Treasury

  • Paul Hamilton, William Jones, Benjamin Crowninshield → Secretary of Navy

Firsts

• Thomas Jefferson

  • Various firsts like attending an Ivy League college, having biological children, vetoing no bills, etc.

• James Madison

  • First to deliver a State of the Union Address via writing

• Both

  • Involved in the founding of the Democratic-Republican Party

  • Had significant roles in the government and politics of the United States

Page 10

• Secretary of War

  • William Eustis, John Armstrong, James Monroe, Alexander Dallas, William Crawford, George Graham

• Amendments

  • None, helped with Bill of Rights

• Scandals

  • Federalists undermined Madison's efforts

  • Hartford Convention

• Foreign Affairs

  • War of 1812

    • Various battles like Battle of New Orleans, Battle of Tippecanoe

  • Revolutionary War

• Military

  • Served as Colonel in the Orange County militia

• Gov. Positions

  • Secretary of State to Jefferson

  • Various roles in Virginia government

• Slavery

  • Madison's views and actions on slavery

• Treaties

  • Treaty of Ghent

Page 11

• Titles and Achievements

  • "Father of the Constitution"

  • Various firsts as a president

• Personal

  • Monroe's background and accomplishments

• Acts

  • The Missouri Compromise, Monroe Doctrine

• Cabinet

Page 12

• Vice President and Cabinet Members

  • Daniel Tompkins, Richard Rush, John Q. Adams, William Crawford, George Graham, John Calhoun, Richard Rush, William Wirt, Benjamin Crowninshield, Smith Thompson, Samuel Southard

• Scandals

  • Panic of 1819

• Military

  • Monroe's military service and positions held

• Gov. Positions

  • Monroe's various roles in government

• Slavery

  • Monroe's stance and actions on slavery

• Treaties

  • Russo-American Treaty, Adams-Onís Treaty, Rush-Bagot Pact

Page 13

• Other

  • Monroe's presidency and its impact

  • States admitted to the Union during Monroe's presidency

• Firsts

  • Various firsts attributed to Monroe

• John Quincy Adams

  • Personal details and achievements

• Acts

  • Tariff of Abominations, Indian policy

• Cabinet

Page 14

• Vice President and Cabinet Members

  • John Calhoun, Henry Clay, Richard Rush, James Barbour, Peter Buell Porter, William Wirt, Samuel Southard

• Scandals

  • Corrupt Bargain

• Gov Positions

  • Various roles held by John Quincy Adams

• Slavery

  • Adams did not own slaves

• Treaties

  • Adams' involvement in various treaties

• Other

  • Achievements and events during Adams' presidency

Page 15

• Firsts about Andrew Jackson:

  • First president to be the son of another president

  • First president whose father lived to see him become president

  • First president to have a son marry at the White House

  • First president to be photographed

  • First president elected despite receiving fewer votes than his opponent

  • First president to not win a majority of electoral votes

  • First president to adopt a short haircut instead of long hair tied in a queue

  • First president to have been inaugurated wearing long trousers instead of knee breeches

  • First president to serve in Congress after serving in the presidency

  • First president to die from a stroke

  • First president to have been nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States

• Andrew Jackson's Background:

  • Born in poverty, became a wealthy Tennessee lawyer and rising young politician by 1812

  • Leader of the new Democratic Party

  • Supported states’ rights and slavery’s extension into new territories

  • Born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaws region

  • Became a military hero during the War of 1812

  • Married to Rachel (Donelson) Robards

  • Owned slaves and built a mansion called the Hermitage

  • Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee

  • Served in the Tennessee militia during the War of 1812

• Acts:

  • Indian Removal Act of 1830

Page 16

• Cabinet Members during Andrew Jackson's Presidency:

  • John C Calhoun, Martin Van Buren → VP

  • Martin Van Buren, Edward Livingston, Louis McLane, John Forsyth → Secretary of State

  • Samuel Ingham, Louis McLane, William Duane, Roger Taney, Levi Woodbury → Secretary of Treasury

  • John Eaton, Lewis Cass → Secretary of War

  • John Berrien, Roger Taney, Benjamin Butler → Attorney General

  • John Branch, Levi Woodbury, Mahlon Dickerson → Secretary of Navy

• Andrew Jackson's Presidency Highlights:

  • Involved in the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

  • Faced the Nullification crisis and the tariff of abominations in 1828

  • Dealt with the Panic of 1837 and the Texas Revolution

  • Notable military involvements in various wars

  • Supported the expansion of slavery into new territories

• Firsts about Andrew Jackson:

  • Born in a log cabin

  • Appointed a Catholic (Roger Taney) to the Supreme Court

  • Adopted a child

  • Inaugurated on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol

  • Paid off the entire National Debt

  • Elected as a Democrat to the presidency

  • Married a divorced woman

  • Survived an assassination attempt while in office

Page 17

• Andrew Jackson's Presidency Continued:

  • Faced conflicts over slavery during his term

  • Notable events like William Lloyd Garrison's "The Liberator" and Nat Turner's uprising

  • Negotiated treaties and admitted states to the Union

  • Known as "Old Hickory" and "King Andrew I"

  • Implemented the "Trail of Tears"

• Firsts about Andrew Jackson:

  • Older than the previous president

  • Born to immigrant parents

  • Married a divorced woman

  • Killed someone in a duel

  • Survived an assassination attempt

  • Rode on a railroad train

  • Censured by the US Senate

Page 18

• Martin Van Buren's Background:

  • First president born a U.S. citizen and not a British subject

  • Helped form the Democratic Party

  • Born on December 5, 1782, in Kinderhook, NY

  • Married Hannah Hoes (Hannah Van Buren)

  • Ran as the Free Soil candidate for president in 1848

• Acts during Martin Van Buren's Presidency:

  • Ratified Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830

  • Implemented the Independent Treasury Act in 1840

• Cabinet Members during Martin Van Buren's Presidency:

  • Richard Johnson → VP

  • John Forsyth → Secretary of State

  • Levi Woodbury → Secretary of Treasury

  • Joel Poinsett → Secretary of War

  • Benjamin Butler, Felix Grundy, Henry Gilpin → Attorney General

  • Mahlon Dickerson, James Paulding → Secretary of Navy

• Martin Van Buren's Political Career:

  • Held various government positions in New York and at the federal level

Conclusion

• Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren were significant figures in U.S. history, each with unique presidential firsts and accomplishments.

• Their presidencies were marked by key events, policies, and controversies, shaping the political landscape of their time.

Page 19

• Martin Van Buren

  • Minister to Britain with Jackson's support

  • Vice President under Jackson

  • Viewed abolitionism as a threat to national unity

  • Established the 10-hour workday

  • Fought for an independent treasury system

  • Increased Supreme Court justices from 7 to 9

• William Henry Harrison

  • Shortest tenure as U.S. president

  • Born in 1773 in Virginia

  • Father signed the Declaration of Independence

  • Married Anna Tuthill Symmes

  • Had 10 children

  • Son John Scott Harrison became a U.S. congressman

• John Tyler

  • Strong supporter of Democratic-Republican

  • Born in 1790 in Virginia

  • Married Letitia Christian in 1813

  • Had 8 children

  • Married Julia Gardiner in 1844

  • Had 7 children

Page 20

• William Henry Harrison

  • Military Background

    • Fought in Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794

    • Promoted to brigadier general

    • Fought in Battle of the Thames in 1813

  • Political Career

    • Governor of Indiana Territory

    • U.S. congressman from Ohio

• John Tyler

  • Personal Life

    • Letitia's health issues during presidency

    • Married Julia Gardiner in office

    • Led to the 25th amendment

  • Acts

    • Signed the Pre-Emption Act in 1841

  • Cabinet

    • Had various Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Attorney General

Page 21

• William Henry Harrison

  • Known for Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811

  • Held various government positions

  • Opposed Congress restricting slavery in new territories

• John Tyler

  • First president to have 10 or more biological children

  • Vetoed bills for a new national bank

  • Considered the most "reviled" president in U.S. history

  • Military and Government Positions

Page 22

• John Tyler

  • Acts

    • Signed the Pre-Emption Act in 1841

  • Cabinet

    • Had various Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Attorney General

  • Military and Government Positions

John Tyler

• Served in Virginia legislature (1823-1825) and U.S. Senate (1827-1836)

• Resigned from Senate in 1836 to become VP under Harrison

• Decent slave owner, opposed overseer abuse and family separations

• Supported slavery extension to U.S. territories

• Signed treaties like Webster-Ashburton Treaty and Treaty of Wanghia with China

• Annexed Texas in 1845, faced impeachment vote (unsuccessful)

• Various presidential firsts like ascending due to predecessor's death

James Polk

• Born in 1795, survived major operation as a teen

• Married Sarah Childress in 1824, banned hard liquor at White House

• Dark horse presidential candidate, focused on cutting tariffs and acquiring territories

• Led into Mexican-American War, acquired California and Southwest territories

• Firsts include being under 50 upon election, speaker of the House, and not seeking re-election

Zachary Taylor

• Born in 1784, married Margaret Smith, had six children

• Emerged as a presidential candidate after Mexican War

• Adopted Compromise of 1850, led troops in various wars

• Faced sectional slavery debate, held slaves, known as "Old Rough and Ready"

• Firsts include serving in no prior elected office and winning election with no majority in Congress

Millard Fillmore

• Born in 1800, little formal education, married Abigail Powers and later Caroline McIntosh

• Entered politics in 1828, supported Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act

• Firsts include using the term "First Lady" and winning election in November

Each president had unique personal backgrounds, political actions, and historical firsts that shaped their legacies and contributions to American history.

Page 28:

• Cabinet

  • Vice Presidents: John Clayton, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett

  • Secretary of State: William Meredith, Thomas Corwin

  • Secretary of Treasury: George Crawford, Charles Conrad

  • Secretary of War: Reverdy Johnson, John Crittenden

  • Attorney General: William Preston, William Graham, John P. Kennedy

  • Secretary of Navy

• Gov Positions

  • Served four terms in Congress

  • Ran for governor of New York

  • Chosen as a dark horse pick for vice president

  • Served as comptroller of New York

• Slavery

  • Fillmore opposed slavery but signed the Fugitive Slave Law

  • Believed South would secede without compromise

  • Used Compromise to unite Whig Party

• Others

  • California admitted as a free state, New Mexico granted territorial status

  • Abolished slave trade in Washington, D.C.

  • Signed Clayton–Bulwer treaty

Page 29:

• Foreign Affairs

  • Opposed Napoleon III violating Hawaii's independence

  • Involved in the Crimean War

  • Treaty of Kanagawa and Canadian Reciprocity Treaty signed

• Personal

  • Born in 1804 in New Hampshire

  • Married Jane Appleton

  • Tragic train accident involving his son

  • Authorized Gadsden to negotiate territory purchase

• Firsts

  • First president born in the 1800s

  • First to establish a White House library

  • First to leave office with father alive

  • First to install a kitchen stove in the White House

Page 30:

• Gov Positions

  • Twice elected governor of New Hampshire

  • Served in the House of Representatives and Senate

  • Involved in the Wakarusa War

• Slavery

  • Struggled as a national leader advocating for pro-slavery states

  • Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Others

  • Dark horse candidate in 1852

  • Incident of Preston Brooks assaulting Senator Charles Sumner

  • Republican Party founded

  • Known as 'Young Hickory of the Granite Hills'

Page 31:

• Personal

  • Born in 1791 in Pennsylvania

  • Engaged to Ann Coleman

  • Niece, Harriet Lane, acted as first lady

• Acts

  • Drafted Ostend Manifesto for Cuba acquisition

  • Passed English Bill and Crittenden Compromise

• Firsts

  • First president to have a Christmas tree in the White House

  • First to keep original cabinet members for full term

Page 32:

• Gov Positions

  • Served in Pennsylvania legislature and U.S. House of Representatives

  • Ambassador to Russia and U.S. Senate member

  • Secretary of State under Polk

• Slavery

  • Supported Southerners against Wilmot Proviso

  • Backed Compromise of 1850 and Lecompton Constitution

• Others

  • Only U.S. president who never married

  • Breckinridge youngest VP in history

  • Witnessed secession of several states and formation of Confederate States of America

Page 33

• Abraham Lincoln

  • Personal

    • Self-taught lawyer, legislator, and vocal opponent of slavery

    • Born on February 12, 1809, in Hardin, Kentucky

    • Worked various jobs before becoming a lawyer

    • Married Mary Todd in 1842 and had four children

  • Acts

    • Notable acts include the Gettysburg Address and the Emancipation Proclamation

  • Cabinet

    • Hannibal Hamlin and Andrew Johnson served as Vice Presidents

    • William Seward was the Secretary of State

  • Amendments

    • 13th and 14th amendments were not ratified until Johnson's term

  • Scandals

    • Involved in Ironclad warfare in 1862

  • Foreign Affairs

    • Involved in the Civil War from 1861 to 1865

Page 34

• Abraham Lincoln

  • Military

    • Volunteered in the Illinois Militia in 1862

  • Gov Positions

    • Won elections to the Illinois state legislature and the U.S. House of Representatives

  • Slavery

    • Opposed the spread of slavery and issued the Emancipation Proclamation

  • Others

    • Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865

    • Funeral train traveled through 180 cities and seven states

    • Honored on President's Day alongside George Washington

    • Face was on the t-shirt worn by Timothy McVeigh during the Oklahoma City bombing

Page 35

• Andrew Johnson

  • Personal

    • Born on December 29, 1808, in Raleigh, North Carolina

    • Married Eliza McCardle and had five children

    • Impeached by the House of Representatives in February 1868

  • Acts

    • Introduced the Homestead Act and vetoed bills protecting blacks

  • Cabinet

    • William Seward was the Secretary of State

    • Accused of violating the Tenure of Office Act

  • Amendments

    • Involved in the ratification of the 13th and 14th amendments

  • Scandals

    • Impeached due to violating the Tenure of Office Act

  • Others

    • Drank whiskey before his inauguration, leading to rumors of alcoholism

    • Denounced John Brown's raid and recruited Black soldiers for low-level tasks

Page 36

• Andrew Johnson

  • Military

    • Appointed as Tennessee's military governor in 1862

  • Gov Positions

    • Held various positions in Tennessee and the U.S. House of Representatives

  • Slavery

    • Owned African-American slaves and believed in the right to slave ownership

  • Treaties

    • Involved in the Russia-U.S. Treaty for the Alaska Purchase

• Others

  • Threatened to be lynched and recruited Black soldiers for low-level tasks

Ulysses Grant

• Personal

  • Born in Point Pleasant, Ohio in 1822

  • Married Julia Boggs Dent after serving in the Mexican-American War

  • Helped recruit troops in Galena and served in the state adjutant general’s office

• Acts

  • Signed the Ku Klux Klan Act and Civil Rights Act of 1875

  • Implemented Federal Indian policy

• Cabinet

  • Had various Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War during his presidency

• Amendments

  • Oversaw the 15th amendment in 1870

• Scandals

  • Involved in the "Whiskey Ring Scandal" in 1875

• Foreign Affairs

  • Fought in the Civil War and accepted Lee's surrender terms at Appomattox Court House

• Military

  • Started as a brevet second lieutenant and rose to major general

• Others

  • Known as Uncle Sam Grant

  • Oversaw the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869

Rutherford Hayes

• Personal

  • Born in Delaware, Ohio in 1822

  • Married Lucy Ware Webb in 1852

• Acts

  • Enacted the Bland-Allison Act and vetoed the Army Appropriations Bill

• Cabinet

  • Had various Secretaries including State, Treasury, War, and Navy

• Scandals

  • Faced the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and a political dispute with Conkling

• Military

  • Served as a major in the 23rd Ohio Regiment and was promoted to brevet major general

• Gov Positions

  • Served in the U.S. House of Representatives and as Governor of Ohio

• Slavery

  • Opposed slavery and withdrew troops from Reconstruction states

• Others

  • Eliminated alcohol at the White House

  • Invited Theodore Roosevelt to the White House and appointed him Civil Service Commissioner

James Garfield

• Personal:

  • Died in September 1881 due to assassination

  • Born on November 19, 1831, in Orange, Ohio

  • Aspired to become a sailor

  • Married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858

• Acts:

  • None

• Cabinet:

  • Chester Arthur as VP

  • James Blaine as Secretary of State

  • William Windom as Secretary of Treasury

  • Robert Lincoln as Secretary of War

Chester Arthur

• Personal:

  • Born on October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont

  • Married Ellen Herndon in 1859

  • Represented Elizabeth Jennings Graham in a desegregation case

• Acts:

  • Pendleton Civil Service Act, Chinese Exclusion Act, Edmunds Act, etc.

• Cabinet:

  • Various Secretaries including James Blaine and William Chandler

• Scandals:

  • Involved in the Star-Route Scandal

• Others:

  • Oversaw the renovation of the White House

  • Associated with the Brooklyn Bridge and Statue of Liberty

Grover Cleveland

• Personal:

  • Born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey

  • Married Frances Folsom in 1886

  • Youngest first lady in U.S. history

• Acts:

  • Presidential Succession Act, Dawes Act, Tariff revision bills, etc.

• Cabinet:

  • Thomas Hendricks as VP in the 22nd Cabinet

  • Adlai Stevenson I as VP in the 24th Cabinet

• Scandals:

  • Involved in a paternity case

• Others:

  • Trustee of Princeton University

• Foreign Affairs:

  • No significant involvement

General

• Various firsts for each president, including holding state dinners, being wounded in the Civil War, and implementing reforms

• Notable events during their presidencies like the establishment of the Red Cross and the presentation of the Statue of Liberty

• Each president had a unique background and contributions to American history.

Page 46

• Government Positions

  • Mayor of Buffalo (1882)

  • Governor of New York (1883)

• Treaties

  • Withdrew the Hawaiian annexation treaty

  • Treaty of arbitration with Britain (1897)

• Events

  • Klondike gold rush in the Yukon (1896-97)

  • The Panic of 1893 and its impact on the economy

  • Pullman railroad strike in 1894

• Achievements

  • Accepting the Statue of Liberty in 1886

  • Establishment of American Federation of Labor (1886)

  • Creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)

• Firsts

  • First president born in New Jersey

  • First president to have a child born in the White House

  • First president to serve non-consecutive terms

Page 47

• Personal

  • Born on August 20, 1833, in North Bend, Ohio

  • Family background with ties to previous presidents

• Acts

  • Tariff Act of 1890

  • Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

  • Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

• Cabinet Members

  • Various Secretaries including Secretary of State and Secretary of Treasury

• Military

  • Joined the Union Army during the Civil War

• Government Positions

  • Served in the U.S. Senate (1881-1887)

Page 48

• Events

  • Introduction of "front-porch campaigning"

  • Statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in 1889

• Firsts

  • First president to be the grandson of another president

  • First president to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House

• Personal

  • Born on January 29, 1843, in Niles, Ohio

  • Various Acts passed during his presidency

• Cabinet Members

  • Vice Presidents and Secretaries including Secretary of State and Secretary of War

Page 49

• Foreign Affairs

  • Involvement in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine–American War

• Military

  • Brevet major of volunteers

• Government Positions

  • Held positions in the U.S. House of Representatives and as Governor of Ohio

• Treaties

  • Involved in the Treaty of Paris (1898) and the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1900)

Page 50

• Acts

  • Various Acts passed during his presidency related to reclamation, canal, and anti-trust

• Cabinet Members

  • Vice Presidents and Secretaries including Secretary of State and Secretary of Treasury

• Military

  • Colonel of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, known as the “Rough Riders”

• Government Positions

  • Elected to the New York State Assembly at a young age

Theodore Roosevelt

• Positions held: U.S. Civil Service Commission, President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners, Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy, Governor of New York, Vice President under McKinley

• Notable treaties: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty, Portsmouth Treaty

• Key events: Construction of the Panama Canal, formation of the Bull Moose Party, establishment of Department of Commerce and Labor, Panic of 1907, Oklahoma statehood, Great White Fleet, introduction of the Model T by Ford, NAACP formation

• Firsts: Born in New York City, Nobel Peace Prize recipient, rode in airplane, submarine, and automobile, traveled outside the U.S. while in office, had offices in the West Wing, earned Medal of Honor, issued over 1000 executive orders

William Taft

• Personal details: Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, married Helen "Nettie" Herron, offered Supreme Court appointment by Roosevelt, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

• Acts: Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, Postal Savings Bank Act, Mann Act, Panama Canal Act, Webb-Kenyon Interstate Liquor Act

• Cabinet members and amendments: Various cabinet members, Amendment 16

• Scandals: Kellogg vs Standard Oil, Glavis-Ballinger dispute, Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire

• Firsts: Campaigned for a third presidential term, wounded in an assassination attempt, designated a National Wildlife Refuge

Woodrow Wilson

• Personal details: Born in Staunton, Virginia, married Ellen Axson and later Edith Bolling Galt

• Acts: Webb Alien Land-Holding Law, Underwood-Simmons Act, Federal Reserve Act, Clayton Anti-trust Act, National Defense Act, Federal Farm Labor Act, Federal Farm Loan Act, Adamson Eight-Hour Act, Immigration Act, Selective Service Act, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Wartime Prohibition Act, National Prohibition Act, Volstead Act, Addison Act

Page 55

• Cabinet

  • Thomas Marshall (1913-1921) as VP

  • William Bryan, Robert Lansing, Bainbridge Colby as Secretary of State

  • William McAdoo, Carter Glass, David Houston as Secretary of Treasury

  • Lindley Garrison, Newton Baker as Secretary of War

  • James McReynolds, Thomas Gregory, A. Mitchell Palmer as Attorney General

  • Josephus Daniels as Secretary of Navy

• Amendments

  • Amendment 17 (1913)

  • Amendment 18 (1917, ratified in 1919)

  • Amendment 19 (1920, women suffrage)

• Scandals

  • Wilson's affair with Mary Allen Hulbert in 1916

• Foreign Affairs

  • World War I

• Treaties

  • U.S.-Haiti Agreement (1915)

  • U.S. and Denmark treaty for the purchase of Danish West Indies

  • Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Others

  • Nicknamed "Tommy Wilson"

  • Last president to use a horse-drawn carriage for inauguration

  • Great Migration of 1916

  • Introduced an eight-hour workday for railroad workers

  • Provided government loans to farmers

  • Notable slogan: "He kept us out of war"

  • Zimmerman Telegram incident

  • Declared war on Germany in 1917

Page 56

• Events

  • League of Nations charter

  • Prohibition era during the second term

  • Panama Canal officially opens in 1914

  • Establishment of Mother's Day in 1914

  • Sinking of the Lusitania in 1915

  • National Park Service established in 1916

  • Outbreak of Spanish Flu in 1918

  • Founding of the Communist Labor Party of America in 1919

  • Authored a biography of George Washington

• Firsts

  • Various firsts including declaring a national emergency, having a PhD, visiting Europe, meeting with the pope and British monarch, holding press conferences, appointing a Jew to the Supreme Court, and more

Page 57

• Acts

  • Emergency Quota Act (1921)

  • Emergency Tariff Act (1921)

  • Budget and Accounting Act (1921)

  • Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act (1921)

  • Capper-Volstead Act (1922)

  • Soldiers' Bonus Bill (1922, vetoed)

  • Cable Act (1922)

• Scandals

  • Teapot Dome Scandal (1922)

  • Violations of the 18th amendment (Illegal drinking, smoking, and gambling)

• Gov Positions

  • Held various positions including Ohio Senate, lieutenant governor, and U.S. Senator

• Treaties

  • Thomson-Urrutia Treaty (1921)

• Others

  • Coined the term "return to normalcy"

  • Involved in the Washington naval conference

Page 58

• Firsts

  • Various firsts for Calvin Coolidge including being born after the Civil War, having been a publisher, lieutenant governor, and more

• Personal

  • Born in 1872 in Vermont

  • Married Grace Anna Goodhue in 1905

• Acts

  • Implemented various acts including martial law, Soldiers' Bonus Bill, new immigration law, Dawes Plan, Revenue Act, and more

• Cabinet

  • Charles Dawes as VP

  • Various Secretaries including State, Treasury, War, Attorney General, and Navy.

Page 59

• Amendments

  • None

• Scandals

  • None (Teapot Dome Scandal from 29 was fed over)

• Foreign Affairs

  • None

• Military

  • None

• Gov Positions

  • Elected to various positions in Massachusetts

• Treaties

  • Pact of Anapala (1924)

  • Isle of Pines Treaty (1925)

• Others

  • Mentioned quotes and achievements of the president

Page 60

• Firsts

  • Various firsts achieved by the president

• Personal

  • Details about Herbert Hoover's background and personal life

• Acts

  • Various acts passed during Hoover's presidency

• Cabinet

  • Members of Hoover's cabinet

• Amendments

  • Amendment 20

• Scandals

  • State Department intervenes for Standard Oil (1929)

• Foreign Affairs

  • Mention of WWI

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• Military

  • None

• Gov Positions

  • Secretary of Commerce (1921-1928)

• Treaties

  • London Naval Treaty (1930)

• Others

  • Various events and quotes related to Hoover's presidency

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• Personal

  • Details about Franklin Roosevelt's background and personal life

• Acts

  • Numerous acts passed during Roosevelt's presidency

• Cabinet

  • Members of Roosevelt's cabinet

• Amendments

  • Amendment 21

• Foreign Affairs

  • Mention of WWII

• Gov Positions

  • Various positions held by Roosevelt

• Treaties

  • United States and Cuba sign a treaty releasing Cuba from the Platt Amendment

• Others

  • Various quotes and initiatives undertaken by Roosevelt

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• New Deal Programs

  • Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

  • Public Works Administration (PWA)

  • Civilian Conservations Corps (CCC)

  • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

• Established Organizations

  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

  • Works Progress Administration

• Key Policies and Events

  • "Four Freedoms"

  • "Good Neighbor" policies

  • Bank holiday declared

  • Yalta Conference (1944)

• Established Offices and Boards

  • National Labor Board (1933)

  • Civil Works Administration (1933)

  • Export-Import Bank (1934)

  • Soil Conservation Service (1935)

• Other Notable Establishments

  • Pentagon

  • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps → Women’s Army Corps (WAC, 1942)

• Firsts

  • Inaugurated on January 20

  • Appointed a woman (Frances Perkins) to a Cabinet post

  • Visited Haiti

  • Appeared on television

  • Hosted a European monarch (King George VI)

  • Served more than two terms

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• Firsts of President Roosevelt

  • Established a presidential library

  • Vetoed more than 600 bills

  • Issued more than 250 pocket vetoes

  • Visited South America, Haiti, Iran, Africa, and the Soviet Union

  • Made a transatlantic flight

  • Hosted a European monarch

• Firsts of President Truman

  • Established the "First 100 Days" benchmark

  • Named TIME Person of the Year

  • Met with a king of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud

  • Used a wheelchair

• Personal Background of Harry Truman

  • Born in Lamar, Missouri in 1884

  • Married Elizabeth “Bess” Wallace in 1919

  • Worked as a bank clerk and later in a men’s clothing store

  • No college education

• Acts and Legislation

  • Employment Act of 1946

  • Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

  • National Security Act (1947)

  • Housing Act (1949)

• Cabinet Members

  • Alben Barkley served as VP from 1949-1953

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• Truman's Cabinet Members

  • Edward Stettinus Jr., James Byrnes, George Marshall, Dean Acheson → Secretary of State

  • Henry Morgenthau Jr., Fred Vinson, John Snyder → Secretary of Treasury

  • Henry Stimson, Robert Patterson, Kenneth Royall → Secretary of War

  • Francis Biddle, Tom Clark, J. Howard McGrath, James McGranery → Attorney General

  • James Forrestal → Secretary of Navy

• Other Notable Points

  • Truman's military service in WWI

  • Various government positions held by Truman

  • Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan in foreign affairs

• Quotes and Events

  • Truman's quote on feeling overwhelmed