Copy_of_General_Biology_2-Lesson_1_-_PLANTS_final

Course Overview

  • General Biology 2: Focuses on heredity, variation, diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution.

  • General Biology 1: Concentrates on life processes at cellular and molecular levels including energy transformation in organisms.

Core Concepts

Biology Definition

  • Greek origin: bios (life) and logos (study).

  • Study of all life forms on Earth.

  • A natural science that includes organic nature studies.

  • Father of Biology: Aristotle.

  • Coiner of the term: Jean Baptiste de Lamarck.

Properties of Life

  • Homeostasis: Balance within an organism.

  • Organization: Ranging from simple cells to complex multicellular organisms.

  • Metabolism: Total of all chemical reactions in organisms.

  • Adaptability: Ability to adjust and survive.

  • Growth and Development: Changes in size, shape, and complexity.

  • Response to Stimuli: Reaction to environmental changes.

  • Reproduction: Mechanism for species continuation through gametes.

Levels of Biological Organization

  • Biosphere: Global ecological system.

  • Ecosystem: Community of organisms and their environment.

  • Community: Interacting groups of various species.

  • Population: Group of individuals of the same species.

  • Organism: Individual living entity.

  • Organ System: Group of organs working together.

  • Organ: Structure made up of tissues.

  • Tissue: Group of similar cells performing a function.

  • Cell: Basic unit of life.

Taxonomy Classification

  • Hierarchy: Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom (Aristotle), Domain (Carolus Linnaeus).

Notable Scientists in Biology

  • Thales: Philosophical contributions.

  • Hippocrates: Father of medicine.

  • Robert Hooke: Cell theory pioneer.

  • Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics.

  • Charles Darwin: Theory of evolution through natural selection.

  • Louis Pasteur: Microbiology and fermentation.

Plant Biology

Characteristics of Plants

  • Multicellular organisms under Kingdom Plantae.

  • Photosynthetic primary producers.

  • Characteristics include:

    • Eukaryotic structure.

    • Cell wall composed of cellulose.

    • Lifecycle with alternation of generations.

    • Medicinal and food source.

Plant Cell Structures

  • Major components include:

    • Cell wall

    • Cell membrane

    • Vacuoles

    • Cytoplasm

    • Chloroplast (photosynthesis)

    • Nucleus

    • Ribosome

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Mitochondria

Plant Tissue Types

  1. Meristematic Tissue:

    • Apical Meristem: Lengthens plant tips.

    • Lateral Meristem: Involved in growth; Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium.

    • Intercalary Meristem: Thickens stems/roots.

  2. Dermal tissue

Plant Organs

  • Roots: Absorb water/minerals, anchor plant, store food. Types: Tap root, Fibrous root, Adventitious roots.

  • Stem: Conducts materials, supports leaves/flowers. Types: Woody, Herbaceous and Modified stems.

  • Leaves: Site of photosynthesis/transpiration. Types: Simple, Compound, and Modified leaves.

  • Flowers: Reproductive structure. Types include Perfect and Imperfect flowers.

  • Fruits: Mature ovary containing seeds and its layers (Endocarp, Mesocarp, Exocarp).

Plant Hormones

  • Auxin: Regulates growth and fruit development.

  • Cytokinin: Stimulates cell division.

  • Gibberellins: Promote growth and seed germination.

  • Abscisic Acid (ABA): Involved in stress responses.

  • Ethylene: Influences fruit ripening and flower senescence.

Major Plant Groups

  • Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants (Hornworts, Liverworts, Mosses).

  • Pteridophytes: Vascular spore-bearing plants (Ferns, Horsetails).

  • Spermatophytes: Seed-bearing plants, divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Monocots and Dicots).

Floral Anatomy

Flower Parts

  • Stamen: Male reproductive part (Anther, Filament).

  • Pistil: Female reproductive part (Stigma, Style, Ovary).

  • Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

  • Receptacle: Base where the flower parts are attached.

Special Structures

  • Sepals: Protect flower buds.

  • Petals: Attract pollinators.

  • Pedicel: Supports flower structure.

Notable plants studied

  • Cassava (Manihot esculenta): Tuberous plant cultivated for edible tubers.

  • Nepenthes philippinensis: Pitcher plant species.

  • Yakal Tree (Shorea astylosa): Indigenous tree species.

thales of miletus

-Father of natural philosophy

-Philosophia Naturales

Aristotle

-Father of biology/ zoology

- Father of ancient taxonomy

hippocrates

-Father of medicine

- Four Humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood bile, phlem)

Robert Hooke

-Father of cytology

-discovers cell

- dead cells (described as little compartments)

-micrographia

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

-Father of microscopy

- live cells (animalcules)

Gregor Mendel

- Law of Inheritance

- Father of genetics

- Pea plant (Pisum sativum)

Theophrastus

-Plant science

-Father of botany

Francesco Redi

- Father of mordern parasitology

- Challenged spontaneous generation theory

Herbert Spencer

- coined the term "survival of the fittest"

William Harvey

- Circulation of blood in the body

Andreas Vesalius

- Performed the first public disection on a human

Aelius Galenus (galen)

-Circulation of the heart/artery

Carolus Linnaeus

- Father of modern taxonomy

- Scientific names

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

- Coined the term biology

- Theory of use and disuse

Matthias Schleiden

-botanist

- all plants have cells

Theodore Schwann

-zoologist

- all animals have cells

Rudolf Virchow

- All cells come from pre existing cells

Charles darwin

- father of evolution

- On the origin of species

- Theory of natural selection

Edward jenner

- discovered the small pox vaccine

-vacca meaning cow

Robert Koch

- Father of bacteriology

- germ theory of disease

Louis Pasteur

- Pasteurization

-Father or modern biology

Alexander Fleming

-Penicilin

Hugo De Vries

-Father of mutation

Rosalind Franklin

- DNA

- Double helix structure

Francis Crick

- DNA

-Twisted ladder

James Watson

- DNA

-Twisted ladder

- double helix

Wilhelm Johannsen

-Gene, genotype, and phenotype

- genotype - dna inheritance

- phenotype - characteristics

Imre Festetics

- coined the term genetics

William Whewell

- coined the term scientists