Part 1 - The Healthy Body(2)

INTRODUCTION

  • Anatomy: Study of body structures.

    • Gross Anatomy: Large structures visible to the eye (e.g., heart, lungs).

    • Microscopic Anatomy: Structures too small to see without a microscope.

  • Physiology: Study of body functions; connected to organ systems.

  • Relationship: Structure reflects function (how structure determines function).

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

  1. Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules.

  2. Cellular Level: Cells are composed of molecules.

  3. Tissue Level: Similar types of cells form tissues.

  4. Organ Level: Different tissues form organs.

  5. Organ System Level: Different organs work together.

  6. Organismal Level: The human organism as a whole.

ORGAN SYSTEMS

  • Integumentary System: External body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D.

  • Skeletal System: Supports body organs, framework for muscle movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells.

  • Muscular System: Movement, maintaining posture, producing heat.

  • Nervous System: Control system, responds to changes by activating muscles and glands.

  • Endocrine System: Secretes hormones to regulate processes like growth and metabolism.

  • Cardiovascular System: Transports blood, nutrients, wastes, and gases; heart pumps blood.

  • Lymphatic/Immunity System: Returns leaked fluid to blood, disposes of debris, houses lymphocytes.

  • Respiratory System: Supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide.

  • Digestive System: Breaks down food into absorbable units; eliminates indigestible food as feces.

  • Urinary System: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water and electrolytes.

  • Female Reproductive System: Produces eggs, site for fertilization and fetal development.

  • Male Reproductive System: Produces sperm and male sex hormones.

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

  • Functions: Movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

SURVIVAL NEEDS

  • Essentials: Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.

NATIONAL HEALTH PRIORITIES

  • Key Areas: Cancer, cardiovascular disease, injury prevention & control, mental health, diabetes, asthma, obesity, dementia, arthritis & musculoskeletal conditions.