♥Lesson 15:

➥Soil

• part of regolith that supports the growth of plants

• Four Components of soil

  • Mineral/Broken-down rock

  • Humus (decayed remains)

  • Water

  • Air

• Varies composition, Texture, Structure and Color at different depths

➥Regolith

• The Layer of rock and mineral that covers most of earth's land surface

➥Soil Horizons

• are layers of soil

➥Soil Profile

• The Vertical section through all the soil horizons

The Soil Profile is arranged according to following horizon

• O horizon - organic materials (Humus)

• A horizon - Topsoil, Mineral with humus

• E horizon - ELUVIATION, LEACHED MINERAL AND LITTLE ORGANIC

• B Horizon - Subsoil, considered as the zone of Accumulation

• C horizon - Parent Rock, partially altered parent and weathered material

• R horizon - Bedrock, unweathered parent material

WAYS OF CONSERVING AND PROTECTING SOIL FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS

➥Soil Conservation

• Soil conservation is keeping soil healthy by preventing erosion and using smart farming techniques. It's like giving the Earth a strong shield.

➥Crop rotation

• is the practice of planting different crops on the same field in different years or growing seasons

➥ Conservation tillage

• a gentle touch for the soil. Instead of turning it over a lot, farmers disturb it less when planting. This helps keep the soil in good shape and prevents erosion.

➥ terraces

• a flat stuff like areas, built on a hillside, to hold rain water, and prevent it from running downhill

➥ counter plowing

• a counter plowing, helps channel rainwater, so that it does not run straight downhill anf carries away soil with it

➥ Wind breaks

• a Rows of trees, planted between fields to break or reduce the force of winds that can carry of soil

♥Lesson 16:

MECHANICAL

causes rocks to crumble. Water is a key agent of mechanical weathering. For instance, liquid water can seep into cracks and crevices in rock

➥ FROST WEDGING

form of physical weathering that breaks down rocks through the freezing and thawing process.

➥ Abrasion

the physical process of rubbing, scouring, or scraping whereby partices of rock are eroded away by friction.

➥ Pressure

propagation of fractures near the surface of solid rock due to expansion related to release of confining pressure

➥ Expansion & CONTRACTION

Rocks at Earth's surface are exposed to daily and yearly cycles of heating and cooling.

• expand when heated

• contract when cool.

➥ Biological Weathering

• caused by the plants and animals

CHEMICAL

Chemical Weathering results from chemical reactions between minerals in rocks and external agents like air or water.

➥DISSOLUTION

some minerals dissolve in water while others do not.

➥HYDROLYSIS

water reacts with a mineral to form a crystal structure.

➥OXIDATION

reaction of rock minerals with oxygen.

➥CARBONATION

the process of rock minerals react when carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid.

ang pogi pogi ni lei <3