Hackers TOEFL Vocabulary Study Guide: Day 7
Foundations of Significant Interaction and Influence
Success in any task, including academic study, requires that the rudiments (기초, 기밸) or basics and fundamentals are strong and well-established. Without these primary elements, specialized progress is difficult. One such fundamental concept is the adjective considerable (상당한, 섡당한), which describes something as substantial, large in amount, or significant in importance. In the field of marine science, plankton is currently gaining considerable interest. Furthermore, this term denotes something meaningful; for instance, winning the Nobel Prize was viewed as a considerable achievement for Pavlov. The adverbial form is considerably.
To manage or rule over a space or group is to dominate (선점하다, 압도적으로 우세하다). This implies controlling, governing, or being widespread within a certain context. Historical examples include the Spartans, a formidable military force that dominated Ancient Greece. In modern contexts, specific sentiments, such as feelings of concern, can dominate the atmosphere of a climate conference. The noun form, dominance (우세, 우위), is frequently associated with the synonyms ascendancy and supremacy.
Quantitative relationships are often expressed as a ratio (비율), which is a proportion, rate, or percentage. An example of this is the observation that the ratio of women in the workforce is currently higher than in any previous era. When an action or item is repeated or copied exactly, it is said to duplicate (복제하다, 되풀이하다). This covers copying, reproducing, or imitating materials, such as illegally duplicating copyrighted works without permission, which constitutes stealing. It also applies to repeating successes, such as a baseball team duplicating a championship win in consecutive years.
Proximity, Legitimacy, and Structural Summarization
When something occurs with the smallest possible margin, it is described by the adverb barely (거의 ~않게, 간신히). This signifies hardly, scarcely, or almost not at all, such as the fact that there is barely any evidence connecting zinc intake to the prevention of colds. It can also mean "just" or "only just," as when travelers arrive barely in time to catch the start of a performance. In contrast to precise placement, the act of strewing (흩볌리다) involves scattering, sprinkling, or dispersing items over an area. A tsunami, for example, can strew debris across several miles of a shoreline.
Legal and ethical standards are denoted by the term legitimately (합법적으로, 정당하게), meaning properly, lawfully, or in accordance with the law. A president elected through a nationwide vote is said to be elected legitimately. The adjective form, legitimate, means lawful but is also frequently used to mean reasonable or logical. When a document or presentation needs to be condensed, it is necessary to encapsulate (옔약하다) the information. This involves summarizing or summing up main points into a concise format, such as a concluding paragraph in a research paper.
Comparisons between objects often utilize the adverb relatively (비교적), meaning comparatively. For instance, roses possess a relatively stronger fragrance when compared to sunflowers. If an action creates a risk, danger, or peril, it is considered a hazard (위험). Reduced regulations in certain industries can create significant hazards to public health and safety. The adjective form related to this concept is hazardous.
Priorities, Physical Management, and Chronology
The most important or supreme concern in a given situation is paramount (칐고의, 중요한). For a business facing financial difficulty, its declining sales would be its paramount concern. Some objects or tasks are unwieldy (다맨기 힘든), meaning they are difficult to manage or awkward due to their size or weight. Heavy vehicles like tractors or trucks are often unwieldy to operate. Note that while awkward typically means clumsy, it serves as a synonym for unwieldy when describing physical difficulty, such as the awkward size of a ship.
Chronological order is established by the term subsequent (그 다음의), meaning succeeding, following, or occurring later in time. For example, while an initial earthquake may be powerful, the subsequent tremors might be weaker. When a change or feature is highly noticeable or attention-getting, it is described as striking (현저한). A building's appearance may show a striking difference after a thorough renovation. Adverbial usage is strikingly.
Time duration is classified by terms like extended (윐기간에 걸친) and ephemeral (단명하다, 덧없는). Extended refers to long-lasting or prolonged periods, such as the extended geological activity seen on the planet Venus. Ephemeral defines things that are short-lived, temporary, or living for a very brief duration. A mayfly is a classic biological example of an ephemeral insect, possessing a lifespan of less than . In terms of structure or behavior, being rigid (엄격한, 경직된) means being strict, exact, stiff, or firm. Military boot camp rules are often so rigid that recruits drop out, and a person's body may go rigid with shock upon hearing bad news.
Leadership, Social Dynamics, and Empirical Analysis
The most major, primary, or principal influence in a situation is the chief (설요한) influence. Victorian writer Alfred Lord Tennyson was a chief influence on T.S. Eliot. As a noun, chief refers to a leader or head, such as the chief of a family. The degree of seriousness or intensity of a condition is its severity (심함). The severity of a black widow spider bite can range from mild skin irritation to death. When something is characteristic or representative of a group, it is typical of (을 대표하는) that group. Family-owned stores were typical of American commerce in the century. To enable (가눙하게 하다) is to allow, permit, or facilitate an action; smartphones enable easy information sharing.
Scientific inquiry relies on empirical (실험상의, 실험에 의한) evidence, which is based on observation and experimental data. Researchers study animal movements to gain empirical evidence regarding behavior. Discussion and disagreement regarding a specific topic, such as the distribution of education funding, is known as a controversy (논쟁, 말다혤함). To accomplish (성츨하다) a goal is to achieve, execute, or work it out, such as a community center raising funds to accomplish its plan for a new building.
Placement, Delays, and Interaction Processes
The term set (갱정된, 놓다) has multiple applications: as an adjective, it means fixed or settled, such as a set sleeping schedule; as a verb, it means to situate, place, or put something in a specific location. Conversely, a lag (섰연) is a delay, such as the slight lag between the transmission and reception of electronic signals. The verb form of lag conveys lingering or dawdling. To give off, release, or emit a substance or quality is to exude (발사ᄂ하다). Human skin exudes sweat as a cooling mechanism.
The reciprocal interaction between two forces is known as interplay (상호 작용). For example, the interplay of supply and demand determines the market price of goods. To precede (에 가ᄱ서다) means to come before in time or order; historical data suggests that a recovery in airline stocks typically precedes a broader economic rebound. Deliberate alteration of information or people, often without consent, is called manipulation (점작). In environmental terms, a lack of moisture indicates a dry (건조한) or arid environment, similar to the surface of Mars.
Support, Urgency, and Analytical Detail
To assist with (을 도ᄱ다) a task is to help, aid, or support it, such as financial advisors assisting clients with wealth management. Conditions that are severe, intense, or extreme are termed acute (극심한). The Environmental Protection Agency documents many cases of acute injury from fires. Additionally, acute can mean keen or sharp, as in an acute observation. An article (뤼품) is a physical object, item, or thing, such as the ancient articles found in a museum. Close observation and inspection is known as scrutiny (정밀 가사). Detailed scrutiny is required to determine the authenticity of a painting.
When someone provides repayment or compensation for an action or damage, it is a recompense (밴상). For instance, mowing a neighbor's lawn can serve as recompense for accidentally breaking a window. To reflect (나타내다, 숙고하다) can mean to show, indicate, or demonstrate a feeling, such as an "Encore!" chant reflecting enjoyment. It can also mean to meditate, think, or ponder before making a decision. If a quality improves to a great or extreme degree, it has improved immeasurably (대단히).
Biological and Social Constraints
Mortality (사망) refers to death or death rates. In the century, world mortality rates declined due to medical advances. The adjective mortal implies something is lethal or fatal. Actions that are clumsy or unskillful are described as awkward (서투른), such as a child's first steps. To constrain (강요하다, 억제하다) is to oblige, force, inhibit, or restrict. Social exclusion can constrain behavior, while high inflation can constrain economic growth. A state of unrest or agitation is biological or social turmoil (소란, 동요), such as the turmoil caused by a city-wide power outage.
The term property (특성, 재산) refers either to a characteristic quality of a substance, such as the properties of gas molecules, or to an estate or possession. To fuel (씰료뤼 감급하다, 자극하다) means to give energy to or encourage/stimulate a process. For example, coal fueled -century steamships, and one might also "fuel" or encourage a revolution. Something majestic (위엄 위는, 웅대한) is magnificent, grand, or august, much like the bald eagle.
Distinctions in Quality and Categorization
Individuals who are outstanding, distinguished, or foremost in their field are preeminent (뛰어뀜), such as Marcel Duchamp in the art world. Materials that are rough, primitive, or unrefined are considered crude (가공하지 않은). Crude sea salt is often believed to contain more nutrients than refined salt. Diversity and multiplicity are captured by the term variety (다양성, 종류). The variety of trees in nature is the result of millions of years of evolution. The term can also refer to a specific type or species, such as the catfish being a popular variety of freshwater fish.
Actions that occur usually, normally, or ordinarily are said to happen typically (보퉈). Pain relief tablets typically require to to begin working. Supplemental or extra income is referred to as supplementary (추가의) income; the adjective supplemental serves as a direct synonym. To reduce (가ᄱ쇼시끼다) is to decrease, diminish, or cut down, as seen when poor crops in reduced tobacco exports.
A subject (피실험자, ~을 겪겐 하다) can refer to a participant in an experiment who has been screened for health issues. As a verb, to subject means to expose someone or something to an experience, such as young owls leaving a nest and subjecting themselves to danger. Finally, to flee (도망치다) is to run away from or escape. While many tried to flee Alcatraz Prison, it was famously nearly escape-proof.