Intoxication

2/21/25

  • What is intoxication

    • a condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive substance and results in disterbance in the level of connsciousness, cognition, perception, judgement, affect, or behavior, or other psychophysical functions and responses

    • Immediate effect of the drug of abuse

      • could be plesant or unplesant

      • short and long term effects

  • Intoxictaion is the result of drugs affecting the neural transmison

    • There are some drugs the preomote effects that neurons use to commucnicate

    • such as encourgaing neurotranmiters to be relewased (agonist)

    • stops neurotranmiters from being realeased (antangoitsts)

  • Angoists spectrum lignated ion channles

    • angoits fully open channles

      • ether drugs or neurotransmiters

    • Partial agonists open channles some

      • ether drugs or messsagners that partially activate the channle

    • Antagonists block the rerceptor but it might open a little sometimes ((a basline level of ion flow)

    • Anti agonists stop any ions flowing

  • G-protein coupled receptors

    • Cascades of proteins within cell (is very complicated)

    • neurotrasmiter or drug can bind to receptor

    • Nerotranmiter binds to binding site on receptor then it changes shape so that an enzyme can bind to it and activate another protein from within the cell

    • gets turned into a 3rd messagner active protein kinase

  • Enzymes

    • Do a TON of work within cell

    • enzymes convert one molecule into another

      • substrate into product

    • 3 messangers the thirs is third messanger kinase which work with liganged ion channel, rehglitory enzymes, and vaotage gated ion channles

  • Angonist spectrum

    • agonists binds, witch causes G protein to change shape witch activates kinase which does many things within cell

    • on the spectrum agonists is the most effective, then the partial agonists is somewhat efective, no agaonist/siligent antagonist are not really effective, and BLAH is not effective at all

    • Basically depending on drug and nerotransmiter there is an amonut of the effect depending on where it falls on the spectrum

  • G-protein coupled receptors matters because some drugs effect the g-protien not ligated ion channels

  • time course of signal production

    • depending on drug there are differnt lengths of effects

  • Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

    • Mainly antidepressents have this effect,

    • hangs out in synapse

    • when nerotranmiter are reaseleased they bind to active sight and MAO stop the nerotranmiters from being broken down by active sight and have a bigger effect on next neuron

  • Aside from these sights of action what happens when drugs are taken durring intoxication

    • Changes in domainat frequency bands

      • EEG (electrical cahnges on the scalp)

      • Diff drugs (with diff effects) differernatlly alter these frequencies

        • nicotine shifts towards higher frequancy (More alert)

        • Alcholol shifts towards lower frequcany (less alert)

    • increases in alpoha frequancy (alpha band) may underline the feelings of euphoria durring acute intoxication (who feels more pleaseure durring intoxication is effected by these frequancies)

    • Those who mediate for years and years (like a monk) are really good at altering these frequancies

    • Changes in glucose matabloism

      • 10-30% decrease in glucose metataoblism with alcholol

      • shifts glucose metabolism towards neucleus accumbens and amygdala (these regions see an increase in glucose metabolism)

    • Changes in blood flow (shifting where brain gets more or left blood)

    • Changes in function of brain regions associated with cognitive ablities

      • aligns with intoxication: for alcholol regions asscocated with atttenion, spatial reasoning, motor control, emotional processing

      • incluseds anterior

  • Factors Contributing to bioavalibity

    • absorption- how would a drug get into the body?

    • Distrabution- where in the body does it go?

    • metablotsim- how id drug broken down?

    • exceration- how does it leave body?

    • Aka this is called the psycophalmic effect

  • Bioavaliblity

    • lieration drug that takes awhile to effect the body as the drug become usable it gets absorbed

    • then it gets matabolized and the extreceted

    • some of drug may get binded to wrong stop (tissue resoviors and unwanted sight of action)

  • drugs that are taken orarly

    • it permates tho wall of intestine and into blood streame then it goes thro liver first (50% gets broken down) (supper important for alcholol) (this is why we dont inject alholol into body)

  • Inhlation drug

    • 3 steps

    • lots of mucus stops drugs (Blah region)

    • then mucucs plus very little blood flow (blah region)

    • aveloar region, ideal for drugs to get into blood stream

  • Injection

    • Faster and skips the first pass matabolism

  • drug effecting brain

    • crossing blood brain barrier

    • once in brain it has effect in CSF

    • CSF gets flushed throwout brain (3-5 times per day)

    • Over time CSF gets washed away and reincorpeated into blood stream