Early Childhood Development
Jean Piget pioneered the idea of lack of conservation.
Lack of conservation is the term for adolescent’s inability to realize that things may be the same quantity, despite being in different shapes.
The sensorimotor stage encompasses years zero through two.
The sensorimotor stage is characterized by exploration through the senses, development of object permanence, and stranger anxiety.
The preoperational stage encompasses years two through six.
The preoperational stage is characterized by egocentrism, language development, pretend play, and lack of logic or mathematical ability.
The concrete operational stage encompasses years seven through eleven.
The concrete operational stage is characterized by understanding conservation, basic mathematical and logical understanding, and basic understanding of analogies.
The formal operational stage encompasses years twelve and on.
Assimilation is the ability to add new information to what is already known. Accommodation is the ability to restructure the brain to add new information.
Dr. Benjamin Spock and Erik Erikson studied independence and emotional maturity as indicators of development.
Dr. Spock held the controversial belief that children should be treated with affection.
Erikson believed that each developmental stage was a crisis and a struggle.
Trust vs. Mistrust is the struggle of infants.
Trust vs. Mistrust is the idea that needs must be reliably met in order for a child to develop a sense of trust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the struggle of toddlers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the idea that children need room to be themselves in order for them to develop self-confidence.
Initiative vs. Guilt is the struggle of preschoolers.
Initiative vs. Guilt is the idea that children need space to initiate tasks in order to develop comfort with independence.
Competence vs. Inferiority is the struggle of elementary schoolers.
Competence vs. Inferiority is the idea that children must devote themselves to tasks in order to develop self-esteem.
Children can recognize their birthgiver’s voice at one day.
Children can laugh at two months.
Children can reach for and touch objects at three to five months.
Children can sit without support at five months.
Children can be anxious when their caregiver is not around at nine to twelve months.
Children can walk unassisted at one year.
Children can kick a ball forward at twenty months.
Children can make two-word sentences at twenty-two months.
Children can pedal a tricycle and jump in place with both feet together at two years.
Children can group objects by category at two and a half years.
Children can feel ashamed at three years.
Children can wash their hands unassisted at three and a half years.
Children can tell you their street or town at four and a half years.
Children can stand on one foot for ten seconds at five years.