Bullet point essay: impact of limited development on governments and the wider international community

Introduction:

State that governments are affected by limited development through economic stagnation and limited taxation

List of factors: governments are impacted as they are unable to provide education and healthcare, and operate with corruption. Wider community is impacted as they provide aid, experience brain drain, and see increased refugees.

Line of argument: intersectionality has the most significant impact on governments and the wider international community.

PEEAL 1: Governments are impacted to a significant extent as they are unable to provide education

P: 50% of teachers in Sub-Saharan Africa are not qualified to teach at the appropriate level

E: Economic stagnation results in limited taxation and causes governments to be unable to improve infrastructure in education, creates a cycle of poor education which can result in widespread deprivation

E: In Pakistan, only 58% are qualified to teach at the appropriate level

A: Shows that over 4 in 10 are unable to seek employment from the government being unable to provide education

L: Significant

PEEAL 2: Governments are impacted to a significant extent as they are unable to provide healthcare

P: Malaria costs the African continent £10B annually

E: Economic stagnation means that governments cannot invest in health infrastructure, cycle of poor health causing stagnation of populations

E: As of 2019, 14.7% of Pakistan’s population is registered with the National AIDS control programme

A: This shows that over 1 in 10 suffer from HIV/AIDS because governments cannot invest in healthcare

L: Significant, intersects with unable to provide education as impacts lead to widespread poverty and further affect governments

PEEAL 3: Governments are impacted to a significant extent as they may operate with corruption

P: World Economic Forum argues that $3.6T is lost annually due to corruption globally

E: Widespread poverty caused by economic stagnation, governments more susceptible to bribes and embezzlement

E: According to a BTI project, tax-GDP ratio in Pakistan is 9.2% as of 2021-22

A: Insignificant portion of tax is used for development because governments are vulnerable to embezzlement etc

L: Significant, intersects with education as it can lead to people being unable to vote out corrupt governments

PEEAL 4: Wider community impacted because they provide aid

P: UK ODA provided £4.1B in aid in 2024

E: Means that governments have less available funding to tackle national issues due to providing aid, electorate and citizens may become unhappy

E: Trump vowed to cut $5B in foreign aid to keep the electorate and citizens happy

A: This shows that governments cut significant portions of aid because it impacts countries significantly

L: Significant

PEEAL 5: Wider community impacted because of brain drain

P: 20% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa find employment opportunities in Europe

E: Positive, provides people for work to support infrastructure and can increase taxation for tackling national issues

E: The Guardian reported that 15% of NHS staff are from emerging countries such as Pakistan

A: Shows that almost 1 in 5 workers in the NHS from emerging countries, shows significant impact

L: Significant (doesn’t intersect as its positive)

PEEAL 6: Wider community impacted because of increased refugees

P: In June 2025, UN reported that 117.3M have fled their homes due to persecution and poverty amongst other factors.

E: Increased refugees increases cost for asylum support, increases portion of GDP used so can lead to less funding for local issues. Can also lead to civil unrest, resulting in damage and less support from citizens.

E: In 2024-25, Home Office spent £4B on asylum support

A: Highlights significant spending

L: Significant, intersects with providing aid as both can lead to less GDP available for local issues