Movement in Space

The speed at which we move due to Earth's rotation depends on our latitude.
The circumference at the Equator is about 40,000 kilometers, which we traverse every 24 hours.
The speed at any latitude can be calculated using the cosine of the latitude to determine the relative distance from the Equator.

The Earth orbits the Sun with a radius of one astronomical unit (AU) in one year.
The speed of Earth's orbit is approximately 30 kilometers per second.
We don't perceive this movement because it's at a constant rate; we only notice acceleration.
F=ma implies that force is related to acceleration, not constant velocity. Thus, we only feel changes in speed, not constant motion.

The galaxy is part of the Local Group and is gravitationally bound to other nearby galaxies.
Typical speeds within the Local Group are a few thousand kilometers per second.
These speeds approach a significant fraction of the speed of light (300,000 kilometers per second).

As we look further away, galaxies are moving away from us faster, potentially faster than light.
This "superluminal motion" is due to the expansion of space, where the rate of expansion is so high that light can't catch up.
The speed of light remains a constant limit; space itself is expanding.

The speed at which we move due to Earth's rotation depends on our latitude. Near the Equator, the distance is the greatest, leading to higher speeds, while closer to the poles, the distance decreases, resulting in lower speeds.
The circumference at the Equator is approximately 40,000 kilometers. Since the Earth completes one rotation every 24 hours, we traverse this distance in that time.
The speed at any latitude can be calculated using the cosine of the latitude to determine the relative distance from the Equator. The formula v = v{eq} \cdot \cos(\text{latitude}) can be used, where v{eq} is the speed at the Equator.

The Earth orbits the Sun with a radius of one astronomical unit (AU), which is about 150 million kilometers, in one year (approximately 365.25 days).
The speed of Earth's orbit is approximately 30 kilometers per second. This can be calculated using the formula for orbital speed, v = \frac{2\pi r}{T}, where r is the radius of the orbit (1 AU) and T is the period (1 year).
We don't perceive this movement because it's at a constant rate; we only notice acceleration. Our brains and bodies are attuned to changes in motion rather than constant motion.
F=ma implies that force is related to acceleration, not constant velocity. Thus, we only feel changes in speed, not constant motion. If the Earth suddenly sped up or slowed down, we would feel the effects due to inertia.

The solar system orbits the galaxy at approximately 250 kilometers per second. This is the speed at which our solar system is moving around the center of the Milky Way.
The solar system is about eight kiloparsecs from the center of the galaxy. One kiloparsec is approximately 3,260 light-years, so we are about 26,000 light-years from the galactic center.
One orbit around the galaxy takes about 200 million years. This is also known as a galactic year, the time it takes for our solar system to complete one orbit around the Milky Way.

The galaxy is part of the Local Group, which includes the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), the Triangulum Galaxy (M33), and other smaller galaxies. These galaxies are gravitationally bound to each other.
Typical speeds within the Local Group are a few thousand kilometers per second. The galaxies are moving relative to each other due to gravitational interactions.
These speeds approach a significant fraction of the speed of light (300,000 kilometers per second). For example, 1,000 km/s is about 0.33% of the speed of light.

As we look further away, galaxies are moving away from us faster, potentially faster than light. This is described by Hubble's Law, v = H0d, where v is the velocity of the galaxy, H0 is the Hubble constant, and d is the distance to the galaxy.
This "superluminal motion" is due to the expansion of space, where the rate of expansion is so high that light can't catch up. Beyond a certain distance (the Hubble Sphere), galaxies recede faster than light.
The speed of light remains a constant limit; space itself is expanding. Objects within space are not exceeding the speed of light, but the space between them is increasing at an accelerating rate.