Unit 5 Pres

Power of Reason: Emphasis on rational thought influenced art and society.
Undermining of Traditional Authority: Shift away from accepted social and religious norms.
Age of Enlightenment: Intellectual movement promoting reason and individualism.
Rise of the Middle Class: Increased demand for accessible culture and arts.
Key Revolutions:
- Seven Years’ War
- American Revolution
- French Revolution
- Napoleonic Wars

Movement away from Baroque:
- Less ornamentation compared to Baroque aesthetics.
- Focus on simplicity and clarity in musical expression.
Mood Contrasts: Various emotional themes are explored.
Flexibility of Rhythm: Allowed for natural expressions and variations.
Texture: Primarily homophonic with frequent changes.
Melody:
- Tuneful and memorable phrases.
- Borrowing popular tunes allowed for relatability.
- Balanced and symmetrical phrases.
Dynamics:
- Emotion-driven expressions using gradual changes.
- Developed in relation to the evolution of the piano.
End of Basso Continuo: Transition to more structured harmonic frameworks.

Expanded Orchestra Size: Standard four sections emerged.
- Strings: First and second violins, violas, cellos, double bass.
- Woodwinds: Flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons (two of each).
- Brass: French horns, trumpets (two of each).
- Percussion: Two timpani for rhythm.
Individual Tone Colors: Each section contributed distinct sounds.
Roles in the Orchestra:
- Strings predominantly carry the melody.
- Woodwinds provide contrasting tones.
- Brass instruments contribute powerful accents.
- Timpani provide rhythmic structure.

Instrumental Works Structure: Comprise multiple movements contrasting in speed and character.
Typical Movement Arrangement: Fast–slow–dance-related–fast.
Contrast in Themes: Movements resolve tensions by the end.

Known as Sonata-Allegro Form: structure of a single movement.
Ternary Form: A B A structure, includes:
- Exposition: Introduces themes.
- Development: Explores and manipulates themes.
- Recapitulation: Restates themes in the original key.
- Often concludes with a Coda.

Simple Form: Utilizes a single theme (A A′ A′′ A′′′…).
Variability: Each repeat transforms the musical concept.
- Changes could include melody, harmony, rhythm, etc.
Includes Countermelody.

Ternary Structure: A–B–B form based around courtly dance.
Common Use: Often the third movement in compositions.
Characteristics: Typically quieter Trio section; minuet is marked da capo for return.
Beethoven's Adaptation: Frequently replaced minuet with scherzo.

Repetitive Structure: Main theme interspersed with variations.
Common Patterns:
- Small Rondo: A B A C A
- Large Rondo: A B A C A B A
- Sonata-Rondo Hybrid: Combination of both.
Can be independent piece or part of a larger work.

Primary Genre: Major form of classical music lasting 20–45 minutes.
Four Movements:
- First: Typically fast, often in sonata form.
- Second: Slow, may also utilize sonata form.
- Third: Dance movement, usually in a minuet and trio structure.
- Fourth: Fast, typically follows sonata or rondo form.
Movement Themes: Themes are usually not repeated across movements.

Work for Soloist and Orchestra: Lasts 20–45 minutes, emphasizing dramatic interplay.
Structure: Generally consists of three movements.
- First: Fast, often in sonata form with double exposition.
- Second: Slow, lyrical, with diverse forms.
- Third: Fast, typically sonata or rondo form.
Cadenza: Used near the end of first (and sometimes last) movement as a showcase for the soloist.

Intimacy in Performance: Designed for small settings, with a small ensemble of musicians.
Notable Ensemble: String Quartet—two violins, viola, cello, typically with four movements.
Other Forms:
- Sonata for Violin and Piano
- Piano Trio (violin, cello, piano)
- String Quintet (two violins, two violas, cello)

Early and Mid-Classical Composer: Austrian origins, influenced classical music significantly.
Position: Worked for the Esterhazy family for 30 years.
Musical Contributions:
- Diverse genres, significant impact on string quartet form.
- Known for folk-inspired melodies and masterful development of themes.

Mid-Classical Composer: Austrian, known for extraordinary talent from a young age.
Career: Transitioned from court musician to freelance, prolific output with over 600 works.
Musical Style:
- Blend of ease and grace with precision and sophistication.
- Renowned for his operatic drama and compelling characterizations.

Late Classical Composer: German origin, pivotal in music transition to Romanticism.
Personal Struggle: Became deaf at 29 but continued to compose successfully.
Musical Style:
- Known for dynamic range, innovative harmonic structures, and strong rhythmic motifs.
- Expanded classical forms, influencing future composers.