Summary Notes on Self-Concept and Self-Perception
Self-Concept Development
Self-concept: how individuals perceive themselves
Awareness of self begins around 18-24 months
Development stages:
2 years: observable characteristics
9 years: more complex, personal attributes
Adolescence: influenced by societal perceptions and relationships
Cultural Influences on Self-Concept
Western Cultures: emphasize individuality, personal success
Eastern Cultures: focus on group harmony and relationships
Independent vs Interdependent views of self:
Independent: self defined by personal traits
Interdependent: self defined by relationships
Gender Differences in Self-Definition
Women: greater focus on relational interdependence
Men: more focus on collective interdependence (group memberships)
Self-Knowledge and Introspection
Introspection: looking inward to understand oneself; often inaccurate
People generate reasons for feelings that may not reflect true motivations
Self-Awareness Theory: evaluation of self against personal standards
Self-Perception Theory
Inferring self-attributes from observed behavior, particularly when internal cues are unclear
Types of perception:
Attitudes
Motivations
Emotions
Social Comparison Theory
Evaluate self against others when lacking objective criteria
Upward vs Downward Comparison:
Upward: comparing to better individuals
Downward: comparing to lesser individuals
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem: evaluations of self-worth
High self-esteem: viewed positively; protective against depression
Measurement methods: explicit scales (e.g., Rosenberg), implicit tests (IAT)
Impression Management
Self-presentation strategies to influence how others perceive us
Strategies include conformity, intimidation, self-promotion, and ingratiation.
Self-Control
Self-control: ability to make choices and manage impulses
It is a limited resource, can be depleted through exertion
Techniques to enhance self-control: practice, setting intentions, and avoiding depleting situations.