AP World History Notes

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

• Review of History Within Civilizations
  • What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states
  • Growth of long-distance trade
• Overview of World’s Major Religions in 1200
  • Most events are connected to religion
  • Key Points:
    • Most belief systems still are impacting history
    • Most major religions have divisions = subgroups and sects (focus more on overall religion)
    • Understand theological basis of belief systems and impact of belief systems on social, political, cultural, military developments
    • Origin and spread of belief systems - cultural interactions

Religious Mysticism

• Religious Mysticism: adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation, etc.

Buddhism

• Cultures: India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan
• Context:
  • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince - lived in Nepal from 563-483 BCE, rejected wealth and world possessions and became Buddha (Enlightened One)
  • No supreme being
  • 4 Noble Truths:
    • (1) all life is suffering
    • (2) suffering caused by desire
    • (3) can be freed of desire
    • (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path
  • Death of Buddha (483 BCE) = Buddhism split - Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism
  • Theravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self
  • Mahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread
• Impact:
  • rejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank
  • India: reabsorbed in Hinduism
  • China, Japan, Southeast Asia: Buddhism continued to thrive
  • Further: spread via trade routes

Christianity

• Cultures: started as group of Jews, quickly expanded through Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle East
• Context:
  • Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be Messiah the Jews had awaited - teachings of devotion to God and love for others
  • Jesus was crucified by Roman and Jewish leaders in 30 CE and his followers believe he rose from dead into heaven
  • Based on Bible teachings
  • Believe Jesus is the Son of God - forgiveness of sins, everlasting life is achievable through him
  • World was created by God, but world has fallen from God
  • Believers should seek God and care for him and others
• Impact:
  • compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women
  • Became most influential religion in Mediterranean basin by 3rd century
  • Became official religion of Roman Empire, then branching north and west
  • Connection with Roman Empire had profound impact on global culture

Confucianism

• Cultures: China (400 BCE+)
• Context:
  • Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings collected in the Analects
  • Deals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topics
  • 5 fundamental relations build society and make it orderly
    • (1) ruler and subject
    • (2) parent and child
    • (3) husband and wife
    • (4) older sibling and younger sibling
    • (5) friend and friend
• Impact:
  • Compatible with other religions, causing it to flourish
  • Led to distinctive Chinese culture of tight-knit communities
  • Stayed within Chinese culture

Hinduism

• Cultures: India
• Context:
  • Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer)
  • Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplish and believers live to determine who they will be in their next life
  • Following the dharma (rules and obligations of your caste) will move you towards Brahma - moksha is highest stake of being (internal peace and release of soul)
  • No sacred text - Vedas and Upanishads guide Hindus
• Impact:
  • Religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion
  • Recently, Hindus are rebelling caste system
  • Spawned Buddhism

Islam

• Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, Europe
• Context:
  • 7th century - Muslims are the believers
  • Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an
  • Salvation is won through submission to God
  • 5 Pillars of Islam:
    • (1) confession
    • (2) prayer 5 times a day
    • (3) charity
    • (4) fasting during Ramadan
    • (5) pilgrimage to Mecca
  • 2 groups, Shia and Sunni, who disagreed who should succeed Muhammad
• Impact:
  • Rapidly spread to Middle East

Judaism

• Cultures: Hebrews
• Context
  • God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them
  • Unique relationship with God
  • World is for them to enjoy, free will - destiny of world is paradise
  • Hebrew Bible - Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies
• Impact
  • First of major monotheistic faiths

Developments in the Middle East

• Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember
  • Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid-9th century golden age
  • Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq)
  • Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)
  • Built around trade - used receipt and bill system

Decline of Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions

• Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, new Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and most importantly Mongols
• Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258
• Ottoman Turks would later reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918
• Mamluks: Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East

Developments in Europe

• Middle Ages: fall of Rome before Renaissance - complicated time
• Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire
• Western Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong

European Feudalism: Land Divided

• Feudalism: European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages
  • King: power over whole kingdom
  • Nobles: had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military service
  • Vassals: lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)
    • Founded three-field system: 3 fields for fall, spring, and empty one to replenish nutrients
    • Conflict between lords was regulated with code of chivalry which condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect
    • Male dominated: women could not own land and land was passed down to eldest son (primogeniture), their education was limited to domestic skills
  • Peasants or Serfs: worked the land
    • Had few rights or freedoms outside of manor
    • Skilled in trades, which helped them break out of feudal mode as global trade increased - led to middle class emergence of craftsmen and merchants

Emergence of Nation-States

• At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization - emergence of modern countries
• Achievement of statehood in 13th century took different paths
  • Germany: reigning family of emperorship died out, entering a period of interregnum (time between kings) - merchants and tradespeople became more powerful
  • England: English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta - reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament
    • Later divided into House of Lords (nobles and clergy - legal issues) and House of Commons (knights and wealth burghers - trade and taxation)
  • France: in 12th century, England began to occupy many parts of France which spurred revolts - Joan of Arc fought back English out of Orleans
    • Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453): unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal
  • Spain: Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition
  • Russia: taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar - Ivan the Terrible became a ruthless ruler utilizing secret police in 1500s

Developments in Asia

China and Nearby Regions

• Song Dynasty (960-1279)
  • Confucianism justified subordination of women - foot binding: women’s feet bound after birth to keep them small
  • Neo-Confucianism: Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644): after brief period of Mongol dominance
• Religion: influenced by Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and especially Buddhism in two of its forms
  • Mahayana: peaceful and quiet existence apart from worldly values
  • Chan or Zen: meditation and appreciation of beauty

Japan

• Relatively isolated from external influences outside Asia for many years
• Feudal Japan (1192):
  • Emperor
  • Shogun (chief general)
  • Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights)
    • Followed Code of Bushido code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour
  • Lesser samurai (like vassals)
  • Peasants and artisans
  • Women had little rights and esteem

India

• Delhi Sultanate: Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi
• Islam took over Northern India - clash between Islam monotheism and Hinduism polytheism
• Islam rulership brought in colleges and farming improvements
• Rajput Kingdoms: several Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Southeast Asia

• Religion spread and established different states
• Khmer Empire (9th-15th century): Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
  • Beliefs were carried through Indian Ocean trade network
  • Crafted the Angor Wat temple

Developments in Africa

• Islamic Empire spread to North Africa in the 7th to 8th centuries - travelled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-Saharan
• An explosion of trade began
• Hausa Kingdoms: off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms
  • Islam region, achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano
  • Political and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars

Developments in Americas

• 3 great civilization in Central and South America: Maya, Incas, Aztecs

Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice

• Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200s
• Tenochtitlan: capital city (modern Mexico City)
• Expansionist policy and professional, strict army
• Empire of 12 million people with flourishing trade, many of people enslaved
• Women were subordinate, but could inherit property

Inca: My Land is Your Land

• Andes Mountains in Peru
• Expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels
• Many people were peasants
• Capital of Cuzco had almost 300000 people in late 1400s
• Women were more important and could pass property to their daughters
• Polytheistic religion with human sacrifice - Sun god was most important
• People were mummified after death
• Military was very important
• Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu architecture

The Mayans

• The Mayans (textbook does not go into detail)

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading

• Merchants emerged in towns - referred to as Burghers, became politically powerful
• Towns often formed alliances with each other
• Hanseatic League (1358): trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility
• Architecture: Romanesque to Gothic - especially reflected in cathedrals
  • Flying buttresses: tall windows and vaulted ceilings
  • Often had art and sculpture, music
• Scholasticism: growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion
• Crusades (11-14th century): military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning
• Combat Heresies: religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine
  • Pope Innocent III: issued strict decrees on church doctrine - frequently persecuted heretics and Jews, unsuccessful 4th crusade
  • Pope Gregory IX: Inquisition (formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution) - church often referred to as Universal Church or Church Militant
  • Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought - faith and reason aren’t in conflict
• Urbanization
  • Trade led to the growth of urban culture - cities usually were around trade routes
  • Silk Route cities were the most populous - Baghdad, Merv, Chang’an
  • Constantinople before 1400 and Paris and Italian city-states after 1400 were big European cities

The Rise and Fall of the Mongols

• Set of tribes and clans that were superb horseman and archers
• Genghis Kahn: unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies - first invaded China in 1234
• Mongol Empire: spanned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe - spit into hordes after death of Genghis Kahn, ruthless warriors destroying cities but remained peaceful after settling into cities
  • Golden Horde: conquered modern-day Russia
  • Kublai Khan: Genghis Kahn’s successor - ruled China
• Didn’t really have a set culture - didn’t enforce religion or way of life on conquered nations, but did make any cultural advancements
• Timur Lang: Mongol leader who took over India and destroyed everything - grew Islam in the nation
• If any residents of society the Mongols took over resisted, they would immediately kill them, so most had no choice but to give in - they were ruthless fighters, organized and mobile
• Impact:
  • Great diffusers of culture
  • Prevented Russia from culturally developing
  • World trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

Mali and Songhai

• Mali had a lot of gold that Islamic traders were interested in
• Mansa Musa: Malian ruler who built the capital of Timbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana
• Sonni Ali: Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century - became a major cultural centre until 1600

Chinese Technology

• Song Dynasty: bureaucratic system built on merit and civil service examination creating a lot of loyal government workers, improved transportation and communication and business practices
• Concentrated on creating an industrial society - improved literacy with printed books which increased productivity and growth

Review of Interactions Among Cultures

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

• Trade exploded from 1200-1450
• Improved with better transportation and monetary systems
• Main Global Trade Routes:
  • The Hanseatic League
  • The Silk Road
  • The land routes of the Mongols
  • Trade between China and Japan
  • Trade between India and Persia
  • The Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire
• Cultural diffusion - spread religions, languages, literature, art, idea, disease, plague
• Bubonic Plague: started in Asia in the 14th century and carried by merchants - killed about 1/3 people

Indian Ocean Trade

• Dominated by Persians and Arabs - western India to Persian Gulf to eastern Africa
• Great Zimbabwe: trading empire in Africa from 11th to 15th centuries

Vibrant Indian Ocean Communities

• Sailors marrying local women created cultural intermixing

Silk Road

• China to Mediterranean cultures in early days of Roman Empire and from 1200 to 1600
• Cultural exchange through travellers stopping at trade towns - Kashgar, Samarkand
• Silk, porcelain, paper, religion, food, military technologies

Hanseatic League

• Made up of over 100 cities
• Created substantial middle class in northern Europe
• Set precedent for large, European trading operations

Expansion of Religion and Empire: Cultural Clash

• Both natural spread of religion through contact over trade and intentional diffusion through missionary work or religious war

Other Reasons People Were on the Move

• Ran out of room in certain places, but cities were always increasing in size as opportunities grew in them
• New cities and empires drew people in
• Muslim pilgrimages

Notable Global Travellers

• Xuanzang: Chinese Buddhist monk - through T’ang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism
• Marco Polo: merchant from Venice, to China and Europe
• Ibn Battuta: Islamic traveler, through Islamic world to India to China
• Margery Kempe: English Christian, through Europe and Holy Land

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Major European Developments

• After 300 years of development, Europe become the dominant world power
• Revolutions in European Thought and Expression:
  • 1300s: Europe had been Christian for over a thousand years
  • As countries began to unify and connect more, especially with countries who had preserved their history, Europe expanded its worldview and explored its past and 4 cultural movements happened

The Renaissance

• As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced - a lot of money went to studying the past
• Humanism: focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation
  • Afterlife remained dominant in the Catholic Church
• Arts have a comeback
  • People could afford art again - Medici family patrons of Michelangelo and Brunelleschi
  • Artists focused on realism - Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello
• Western writers have an audience
  • mid-1400s: Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press - made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone
  • led to more literate people

The Protestant Reformation

• Catholic Church was one of the most powerful organizations in the Middle Ages - power in politics and society - undisputed authority
• Church capitalized off its many followers with indulgences: paper faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory
• Nobles and peasants began getting increasingly frustrated by the church’s exploitation and noticed its corrupt nature
• Martin Luther: German monk who published his list of complaints against the church - most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence
  • Pope Leo X: excommunicated Luther when he refused to recount his idea
• Christianity split - Luther’s ideas led to many others to come forward
  • Lutherans: Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church
  • Calvinism - John Calvin: predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France
  • When the pope refused to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon because a heir wasn’t produced, he declared himself the head of religious affairs - presided over Church of England/Anglican Church
  • Jesuits - Ignatius Loyola: prayer and good works leads to salvation
• Catholic Reformation (16th century)
  • Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility - still wanted authority and control
  • Council of Trent: reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship
  • Caused wars

Scientific Revolution

• Expanded education led to world discoveries
• Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis
• Galileo: built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them - forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest
• Scientific Method: shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, others experimenting)
• Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Sir Isaac Newton
• Led to Industrial Revolution, and many rejecting the church - atheists (believe no god exists), deists (believe God exists, but is passive)
• Deism: became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings

European Rivals

Spain and Portugal

• Spain became very powerful, supporting exploration, expansion of Spanish language and culture, and having a large naval fleet
  • Under Charles V, Spain controlled parts of France, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Spain, America
  • Under Charles’s son Philip, the Spanish Inquisition to oust heretics was continued, the Dutch Protestants under Spain revolted to form independent the Netherlands - lost a lot of money in mid-17th century and was poised to be defeated by England and France
• Portugal focused on dominating costal Africa, Indian Ocean, Spice Islands - lost control to Dutch and British

England

• Henry VIII never succeeded in having a male heir - his daughter Elizabeth I became Queen
• Elizabethan Age (1558-1603): expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age
  • Muscovy Company: first joint-stock company - British East India Company
• James I: succeeded Elizabeth in 1607 - England and Scotland under one rulership, reforms to accommodate Catholics and Puritans failed
• Charles I: succeeded James in 1625 - signed Petition of Rights (limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment) - ignored it for the next 11 years
  • Scottish invaded England out of resentment for Charles in 1640 - called the Long Parliament into session (sat for 20 years), which limited the powers of the monarchy
  • Parliament raised an army, under Oliver Cromwell, to fight the King after he tried to arrest the
  • Parliament defeats the king and executes him - began the English Commonwealth (Oliver Cromwell known as the first Lord Protector)
• Oliver Cromwell: intolerant of religion, violent against Catholics and Irish - highly resented
• Charles II: exiled son of Charles I invited by Parliament to reclaim the throne as a limited monarchy after Cromwell died (Stuart Restoration)
  • Agreed to Habeas Corpus Act: prevents people from arrests without due process
• James II: succeeded Charles II after his death - highly disliked, fear he would make England a Catholic county - driven from power by Parliament (Glorious Revolution)
• Succeeded by his daughter Mary and her husband William - signed English Bill of Rights (1689)

France

• Unified and centralized under strong monarchy after Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
• Largely Catholic, but French Protestants started to emerge (Huguenots) and fought with the Catholics
• Henry IV: issued Edict of Nantes (1598) (environment of tolerance between religions) - first of Bourbon kings who ruled until 1792
• Cardinal Richelieu: chief advisor to the Bourbons who compromised with Protestants instead of fighting with them
  • Created the bureaucratic class noblesse de la robe, succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin
• Louis XIV: reigned from 1642-1715 - highly self-important and grandiose, condemned many Huguenots, never summoned the French lawmakers, appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds - France almost constantly at war to increase empire
  • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714): Louis’s grandson was to inherit the Spanish throne, so England, Roman Empire, and German princes united to prevent France and Spain from combining

German Areas (Holy Roman Empire?)

• Holy Empire was in present day Austria/Germany - weak due to the mixed dynamics, rulership, and religion of the surrounding area
  • Lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in early 16th century
  • Devastated by Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
  • German states were gaining power by 18th century
• Peace of Augsburg (1555): intended to bring end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
• Thirty Years’ War: began when protestants in Bohemia challenged Catholics - violent and destructive
• Peace of Westphalia (1648): German states affirmed to keep the peace

Russia

• Russian leaders were overthrowing reigning Mongols in late 15th century
• Moscow became centre of Orthodox Christianity
• Ivan III refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free from their rule - lead Russians, later Ivan IV did too
  • Recruited peasants freedom from boyars (their feudal lords) if they conquered their own land themselves
• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible): strong leader feared by many - executing people who were threats to his power
• Battle for throne after Ivan IV died without an heir - Time of Troubles (1604 to 1613): killing those who tried to rise to the throne
• Michael Romanov was elected by feudal lords until 1917 - Romanovs consolidated power and ruled ruthlessly
• Peter the Great: ruled from 1682-1725 - redesigned and adapted Russia in to westernized fashion
• Catherine the Great: ruled from 1762-1796 - education and Western culture - serf conditions were of no importance to her

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

• Ottoman Empire precedes 1450 - founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell
  • Eventually invaded Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire (Constantinople now named Istanbul)
  • Ottomans were Islamic and solidified rule over territory from Greece to Persia to around Mediterranean into Egypt and northern Africa by giving land (timars) to Ottoman aristocrats to control
  • Employed practice called devshirme: enslaved Christian children and turned them into warriors called Janissaries
  • Selim I: came into power in 1512, led much of the empire growth, made Istanbul centre of Islamic civilization
  • Suleiman I: succeeded Selim I in 1520, build Ottoman military and arts - golden age from 1520-1566
  • Took over parts of Hungary, but could not successfully take over Vienna
• Babur: Mongol leader who invaded northern India in 1526 - Mughal Empire (dominated for next 300 years)
  • United entire subcontinent
  • Akbar: succeeded Babur from 1556 to 1605 - united India further with religious toleration, did give Muslim landowners (zamindars) power to tax
  • Hindus and Muslims lived side by side in a golden age of art and thought - under Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built
  • Aurangzeb: emperor who ended religious toleration and waged wars to conquer rest of India - Hindus were persecuted
  • Europeans arrived in early 17th century to trade and spread ideas - after 1750 is when Britain turned into an imperial superpower

Africa

• Starting in 10th century, wealth accumulated from trade - Songhai, Kongo, and Angola became powerful kingdoms
• Songhai:
  • Islamic state
  • Sunni Ali: ruler 1464-1493 - navy, central administration, financed Timbuktu - fell to Moroccans
• Asanti Empire: arose in 1670 - avoided invasion and expanded its territory
• Kongo:
  • King Alfonso I: Catholic, and converted his people
  • Mostly destroyed by previous allies Portugal
• Angola:
  • Established by Portuguese around 1575 for the slave trade
  • Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese attempts to further their control for 40 years

Isolated Asia

China

• Ming Dynasty was restored until 1644 after kicking out Mongols in 1368
• Built huge fleets in early 15th century to explore Asia and Indian ocean - Zheng He: famous Chinese navigator
• Economy started failing due to silver currency inflation, famines in 17th century, peasant revolts
• Qing warriors were invited to help Ming emperor but instead ousted him in 1644
• Qing/Manchus ruled China until 1911
  • Not ethnically Chinese so had to affirm legitimacy - displayed imperial portraits with Chinese historical items
  • Kangxi: ruled from 1661 to 1722 and conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, Tibet
  • Qianlong: ruled from 1735 to 1796 and conquered Vietnam, Burma, Nepal
  • were both Confucian scholars
• Did not interact a lot with surrounding nations, protected their culture

Japan

• Shoguns ruled Japan in 16th century, but Christian missionaries came in and Jesuits took control of Nagasaki - westernization
• Tokugawa Ieyasu: established Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period) from 1600 to 1868 - strict government that instituted a rigid social class model
  • Moved capital of Japan to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)
  • National Seclusion Policy (1635): prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners
  • Japanese culture thrived - Kabuki theatre and haiku poetry became popular

Resistance

Key rebellions in 17th and 18th centuries:

• Ana Nzinga’s Resistance (Kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba) - 1641-167
  • Resisted Portuguese colonizers
• Cossack Revolts (Modern-day Ukraine) - 17-18th century
  • Resisted Russian Empire but were eventually defeated
• Haitian Slave Rebellion (Haiti) - 1791-1804
  • Resisted France and eventually achieved independence for Haiti
• Maratha (India) - 1680-1707
  • Resisted Mughal Empire and defeated them starting the Maratha Empire
• Maroon Societies (Caribbean and Brazil) - 17th-18th century
  • Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold
• Metacom’s War (US) - 1675-1678
  • Resisted British colonists over unfair trade practices
• Pueblo Revolts (US) - 1680
  • Resisted Spanish colonizers and their encomienda system, but victory was temporary

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections

European and Expansion

• Portuguese and Spanish controlled major shipping routes in Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Atlantic Ocean
• Portugal financed explorations
  • Prince Henry the Navigator (King John I’s son)
  • Vasco da Gama: explored eastern Africa, India
• Spain also did:
  • Financed Christopher Columbus: explored Americas
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): agreement between Spain and Portugal to split colonized land between them
• England, Netherlands, France launched own explorations to acquire new colonies - caused rise in nationalism and powerful monarchies
• Explorers
  • Amerigo Vespucci (1500): South America
  • Ponce de Leon (1513): Florida
  • Vasco de Balboa (1513): Central America
  • Ferdinand Magellan (1519): South America to Philippines
  • Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524): North America
  • Sir Francis Drake (1578): circumnavigated the globe
  • John Cabot (1497): North America
  • Henry Hudson (1609): Hudson River
• Products that aided new explorations:
  • Sternpost Rudder: invented in China - better control of ships
  • Lateen Sails: invented in Roman Empire - allowed directional control of ships
  • Astrolabe: navigation device that measured distance between sun and stars on horizon to determine latitude
  • Magnetic Compass: developed in China - determine direction
  • Three-Masted Caravels: large ships fit for longer journeys

The New World: Accidental Empire

• Spanish explorers found great wealth in Aztec and Inca Empires
• Hernando Cortés: landed on coast of Mexico in 1519 - sought to exploit the Aztec Empire of their gold and spices
  • Neighbouring states were willing to help Spanish conquer Aztecs as they had taken over a lot of the neighbouring communities - or those who didn’t cooperate were forced or killed
  • Became very hungry for wealth and quickly seized Montezuma and began a siege of Tenochtitlan

Disease: Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction

• Spanish brought smallpox to the Aztec Empire which reduced their population from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million in 1580 - Spanish were able to take control in 1525
• Francisco Pizarro took over Inca Empire in 1531 partially due to spreading disease to them
  • Pizarro