Humanities- Geography

🌍 1. Map of the World — Continents & Oceans

Continents (7)

Memorise these exactly:

  • Asia

  • Africa

  • North America

  • South America

  • Antarctica

  • Europe

  • Australia

👉 Tip: Asia is biggest. Australia is smallest. Antarctica is coldest.

Oceans (5)

  • Pacific Ocean (BIGGEST)

  • Atlantic Ocean

  • Indian Ocean

  • Southern Ocean

  • Arctic Ocean (SMALLEST)

👉 The Pacific Ocean is between Australia and the Americas

🌐 2. Lines of Latitude

These are imaginary horizontal lines

MOST IMPORTANT ONES:

  • Equator → 0°

  • Tropic of Cancer → 23.5° N

  • Tropic of Capricorn → 23.5° S

  • Arctic Circle

  • Antarctic Circle

What they mean:

Line

Climate

Equator

HOT

Tropics

HOT

Poles

COLD

👉 Australia is near Tropic of Capricorn

🌱 3. Biomes of the World — Locations

Memorise examples:

Biome

Location example

Tropical rainforest

Amazon Rainforest

Desert

Sahara Desert

Tundra

Antarctica

Grassland

Africa

Temperate forest

Europe

Taiga

Russia

🌡 4. Biome Climate Features

Memorise this table:

Biome

Temp

Rain

Rainforest

HOT

WET

Desert

HOT

DRY

Tundra

COLD

DRY

Grassland

WARM

MEDIUM

Temperate forest

COOL

MEDIUM

Taiga

COLD

MEDIUM

🐪 5. Animal & Plant Adaptations

This is VERY important.

Desert

Problem: no water

Adaptations:

Animals:

  • store water

  • active at night

  • light colour

Plants:

  • thick stems

  • small leaves

  • deep roots

Example: cactus

Rainforest

Problem: too much rain, dark

Adaptations:

Plants:

  • big leaves

  • drip tips

Animals:

  • climb trees

  • camouflage

Tundra

Problem: freezing

Adaptations:

Animals:

  • thick fur

  • fat layer

Plants:

  • grow low

📊 6. Climate Graph — How to Read

Climate graph shows:

Temperature + rainfall

IMPORTANT:

Blue bars = rainfall (mm)

Red line = temperature (°C)

mm means:

millimetres of rain

More mm = more rain

Temperature = degrees Celsius

Higher line = hotter