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Jamestown

Settled in 1607, it was the first successful English settlement in North America.
It was also the birthplace of democracy in America.
Captain John Smith: “He that will not work shall not eat”.
Peopling: the first true wave of immigrants from Europe to America.

First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619

A ship arrived at Jamestown carrying 20 African Americans.
They were initially considered indentured servants, but later became slaves.
By 1640, at least one African American was declared a slave.
Peopling: the start of the unwilling migration of African Americans to the Americas.

The Mayflower Compact 1620

The first governing document in the United States.
Drafted in 1620 aboard the Mayflower ship.
Pilgrims sought religious freedom prior to settlement at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts.
41 men signed, declaring belief in majority rule.
William Bradford: “If they looked behind the,, there was the mighty ocean which they had passed…to separate them from all the civil parts of the world”.
Politics and Power: the first governing document and basis for the future government of majority rule.

Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630’s & 1640’s

The New England area attracted Puritans who could pay their way to the New World.
They believed that English authority was ruining the church.
John Winthrop: “It will be a service to the Church of great consequence to carry the Gospel into those parts of the world…& to raise a Bulwark against the kingdom of AnteChrist which the Jesuits labour to reare up in those parts”.
Peopling: movement of a group of people away from their community because of beliefs, setting up a way of life that impacted colonial life in early New England.

Roger Williams and the Establishment of Rhode Island (1636)

Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
He believed in the separation of church and state and religious freedom.
He purchased land from a Native American tribe to create the Settlement of Providence.
The settlement eventually combined with neighboring settlements to form Rhode Island.
Letter of Roger Williams to Town of Providence, March 28, 1648: “That our selves and all men are apt and prone to differ it is no new Thing in all former Ages in all parts of this World in these parts and in our deare native Countrey and mournfull state of England. That either part of partie is most right in his owne eye his Cause Right his Cariage Right, his Argumts Right his Answeres Right is as woefully and constantly true as the former. And experience tells us that when the God of peace hath taken peace from the Earth one sparke of Action word or Cariage is too too powrefull to kindle such a fire as burns up Families Townes Cities Armies, Navies Nations and Kingdomes [Letter of Roger Williams to Town of Providence, March 28, 1648]”.
Belief Systems: Williams believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond civil or church authority.
He founded the settlement of Providence, which later became the colony of Rhode Island on the separation of church and state.
It made it the first colony to guarantee all of its citizens the freedom of worship.

William Penn and the Establishment of Pennsylvania, 1681

William Penn founded Pennsylvania using the charter he received from King Charles II in 1681.
He established freedom of religion.
People of different languages and cultures participated fully in government.
Pennsylvania was considered the “seed of the nation”.
William Penn (May, 1681): “My friends—There is one great God and power that hath made the world and all things therein, to whom you and I, and all people owe their being and well-being, and to whom you and I must one day give an account for all that we do in the world; this great God hath written his law in our hearts, by which we are taught and commanded to love and help, and do good to one another, and not to do harm and mischief one to another.”
Belief Systems: Pennsylvania was based off beliefs on tolerance and a constitutional government, contrasting rigid religious beliefs and monarchies of the time.

James Oglethorpe established Georgia 1732

James Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament and military hero, wanted a military barrier against the Spanish lands.
He also wanted to provide a refuge for impoverish English men and women.
In 1732, King George II granted Oglethorpe and his fellow trustees control of the land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers.
James Oglethorpe: "In America there are fertile lands sufficient to support all the useless poor in England, and distressed Protestants in Europe; yet thousands starve for want of mere sustenance”.
Peopling: Movement/Migrations - Poor Englishmen migrated to Georgia in hopes for a new beginning and impacted society by resulting a border against the enemy Spain.

Jonathan Edwards Sparked the Great Awakening, 1734

Jonathan Edwards began to preach in Connecticut in July of 1741 when the Great Awakening started.
Edwards sparked the Great Awakening by preaching to get people to leave the Church of England.
The Great Awakening was a reaction to the Enlightenment and a long term cause of the Revolution.
Jonathan Edwards-1734: “He who has no religious affection, is in a state of spiritual death, and is wholly destitute of the powerful, quickening, saving influences of the Spirit of God upon his heart.”
Belief Systems: Edwards beliefs helped start a push to leave the Church of England and lead to the removal of English rule in America becoming a free country.

French and Indian War

Also called the Seven Years’ War.
It was a dispute between France and Great Britain.
The British received Canada and Florida.
Spain got Louisiana.
Lord Egremont to King George III of Great Britain: “It is truly a miserable thing that we no sooner leave fighting for our neighbors, the French, but we must fall to quarreling among ourselves.”
Politics and power: a dispute that resulted in many changes in who owned what land.

The Proclamation of 1763

Issued by King George III following Great Britain's gain of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.
Restricted all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.
Shawn Atleo, AFN national chief: “The treaty relationships and aspirations that were expressed in the Royal Proclamation are about us sharing the land, wealth and resources of this country. That has not happened".
This Proclamation links to the theme of separate territories in American History by creating a border that separates the 13 Colonies from the rest of America.

Stamp Act 1765-1766

Imposed to raise revenue from the colonists in support of the new military.
A stamp was required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents, infuriating many colonists.
George Mason, 1766: "Such another Experiment as the Stamp-Act wou'd produce a general Revolt in America."
Economics: This tax infuriated the colonists because traditionally, taxes were used for commerce while this tax was intended to raise money for the British.
Implemented without the approval of any colonial legislatures.

The Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed just after the stamp act was repealed.
Told the colonies that the British still had the power to tax them.
Declaratory Act 1766: “full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America.”
Politics and power: the British trying to assert their power over the colonies.

Townshend Acts, 1767

Taxed glass, lead, paper, tea and paint, passed to pay the salaries of governors and officials in order to remain loyal to Britain.
Samuel Adams: “What a man has honestly acquired is absolutely his own, which he may freely give, but cannot be taken from him without his consent”.
Politics and Power: The king and parliament constantly taxed the colonists though the colonist often protested.
This shows the power Great Britain repeatedly implied and also passed to pay British official’s salary.

Second Continental Congress, 1775

A intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia, whose main goal was to get the British Acts Repealed.
It raised money for an army and navy, as well as wrote appeals for to the British.
Thomas Jefferson: “Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.”
Politics and Power: strictly about the colonists rights and trying to break free from the british government and forming a government of their own.

The First Continental Congress, 1774

In response to the intolerable acts, a response committee consisting of 56 delegates from 12/13 (excluding Georgia) colonies met in Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia.
They drafted a declaration of rights and grievances, which intended to resolve tensions with Great Britain.
They Identified British parliaments violation of those rights, and to provide a plan to restore those rights.
Patrick Henry, speech in the First Continental Congress, September 6, 1774: “I hope future ages will quote our proceedings with applause. It is one of the great duties of the democratical part of the constitution to keep itself pure".
BELIEF SYSTEM: The actions and proceedings following the Congress reflect the foundation of beliefs of what America was founded on, essentially our freedoms including our personal rights.

Lexington and Concord, 1775

These battles began the Revolutionary War in America.
Thomas Gage (a British Governor) had forces go to Concord to halt revolting colonists.
The "shot heard round the world" began the war on the next day (April 19,1775), ending in British retreat to Boston.
Captain John Parker (Commander of American militia in Lexington): “Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here.”
America in the World: It falls under this theme because it is a military development in America and it ends diplomacy with Britain by beginning a war.

Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was a act of rebellion by the colonial freedom group, the Sons of Liberty.
The action was taken due to the raised tea prices and high tax on tea.
On December 16, 1773, the rebels boarded British tea ships and dumped tea in to the Boston harbor, leading to the Intolerable Acts.
“No taxation without representation”.
This ties into courage as it took acts of courage for the colonies to stand up against Britain just like the Boston Tea Party.

Common Sense, Kurt Jugo

Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776.
It convinced many people that the war for independence was worth fighting.
It argued for American Independence from Britain and the establishment of an independent American government.
Thomas Paine 1776: “Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of paradise.”
Theme: The use of media to gain support for a movement.
Common Sense utilized media to influence people to join a movement.

Declaration of Independence, 1776

The Declaration of Independence is a written document proclaiming that the colonies of Great Britain would become their own independent country.
It was written to escape the tyranny and taxation of British rule and outlined what makes America different by listing freedoms and natural rights that all humans should have.
John Adams: "I am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure, that it will cost us to maintain this Declaration, and support and defend these states. Yet through all the gloom I can see the rays of ravishing light and glory”.
America in the World - a formal announcement that America was now a young, new, powerful nation with a new outlook on government and rights that should be shared to enlighten other nations.

Treaty of Alliance, 1778

The Treaty of Alliance was a military alliance between France and America during the American Revolution against Great Britain.
Article 8: “Neither of the two Parties shall conclude either Truce or Peace with Great Britain, without the formal consent of the other first obtain'd; and they mutually engage not to lay down their arms, until the Independence of the United States shall have been formally or tacitly assured by the Treaty or Treaties that shall terminate the War.”
America in the World - the first military alliance of the new nation, represented the beginning of America’s existence on a broader, global scale.

Battle Of Yorktown 1781

The Battle of Yorktown was the last major land battle in the Revolutionary War, signifying the end of the war.
The American and French forces captured Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis and his 8,000 troops.
Marquis de Lafayette: “Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country.”
America in the World - The Battle of Yorktown showed American will and power as they defeated the world’s most powerful army by promoting patriotism for a young country.

Articles of Confederation Went into Effect

The Articles had flaws such as no separation of power, no power to tax, no enforcement of decisions, no power to regulate state tariffs, and requiring 9 out of 13 states to pass a law.
Edward Pearson Pressey, History of Montague; A Typical Puritan Town: “On January 27, 1778, the Articles of Confederation, recently adopted by Congress, were debated here. It was 'voted to approve of the Articles, except the first clause,' giving Congress the power to declare peace and war. This it was resolved, 'belongs to the people.”
Politics and Power: This connects to Politics and Power because it constituted a change in the way people saw the balance of central vs. state power.
This was also the first constitution of the united states which acted as a vehicle to further the development of the country’s national strength.

The Treaty of Paris, 1783

Ended the Revolutionary War.
Terms: Britain recognized American independence.
American fishermen got rights to the banks off Newfoundland and other Canadian fisheries.
Britain ceded all lands west of Mississippi.
The U.S returned all lands seized from loyalists.
Treaty of Paris, 1783, Article 1: “His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be free sovereign and Independent States; that he treats with them as such, and for himself his Heirs & Successors, relinquishes all claims to the Government, Propriety, and Territorial Rights of the same and every Part thereof”.
Politics and Power: a political document because it creates British recognition of a new country and dealt with the governing body of both the U.S. and England.

Northwest Ordinances of 1784, 1785, 1787

Ordinance of 1784: divided Northwest territory (present day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) into self- governing areas.
Ordinance of 1785: arranged territories into grid systems (6 miles on each side); one square every 16 squares must be reserved for educational purposes.
Ordinance of 1787: allowed each area to be governed by a governor and judges that were appointed by Congress; slavery was outlawed in these areas; equal freedom was granted to everyone (except women).
Thomas Jefferson about the loss of cause towards the abolition slavery in the Ordinance of 1784: "The voice of a single individual would have prevented this abominable crime; heaven will not always be silent; the friends to the rights of human nature will in the end prevail."
Economy: Land distribution played a big role in the Northwest Ordinances establishing organized territories in the United States.

Shay’s Rebellion, 1786

Shays’ Rebellion had begun in the summer of 1786, when Shays, a former Continental Army captain, and veterans and farmers formed an insurrection against the government for failing to address their economic grievances.
George Washington's, letter to Henry Knox (February 3, 1787): “if three years ago any person had told me that at this day, I should see such a formidable rebellion against the laws & constitutions of our own making as now appears I should have thought him a bedlamite - a fit subject for a mad house”.
A New Nation - Merchants were glad that they were free of British rule, however economic problems were now occurring and the middle and lower classes had shortages in housing and goods.
Conflicts began to occur and were divided among geographic divisions, commercial and urban regions and led to Shays’ Rebellion.

The Constitutional Convention In Philadelphia in 1787

The constitutional convention in Philadelphia took place in 1787 to discuss the problems in the United States.
They created a new government instead of fixing the already existing one: The Articles of Confederation.
Benjamin Franklin, 1787: “I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them. For having lived long, I have experienced many instances of being obliged by better information, or fuller consideration, to change opinions even on important subjects, which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise”.
Politics and Power - demonstrated the power that many of the delegates had in order to make the decision to completely create a new type of government.

The Federalist Papers, 1787-8

The Federalist papers is a series of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay pushing for the ratification of the United States Constitution.
James Madison: “Every man who loves peace, every man who loves his country, every man who loves liberty ought to have it ever before his eyes that he may cherish in his heart a due attachment to the Union of America and be able to set a due value on the means of preserving it.”
Politics and Power: the papers where intended to promote the new constitution which included all things relative to the politics and powers of everyone.

Creation of a new government, 1789

Created in 1789 after the failure of the Articles of Confederation.
The United States government adopted the Constitution.
It inlcuded a House of Representatives, a Senate, and the First Congress.
George Washington was elected as its first president.
John Dickinson: “Let our government be like that of the solar system. Let the general government be like the sun and the states the planets, repelled yet attracted, and the whole moving regularly and harmoniously in several orbits. ”
Politics and Power: a shift in government and includes the development of new governing bodies and people.

Alexander Hamilton Appointed Secretary of Treasury, 1789

George Washington made Alexander Hamilton the first Secretary of Treasury of the United States in 1789, establishing the position as a precedented part of the Cabinet.
Alexander Hamilton, 1790: “The tendency of a national bank is to increase public and private credit. The former gives power to the state, for the protection of its rights and interests: and the latter facilitates and extends the operations of commerce among individuals. Industry is increased, commodities are multiplied, agriculture and manufacturers flourish: and herein consists the true wealth and prosperity of a state.”.
Politics and Power - Alexander Hamilton being appointed Secretary shows a shift in the structure of the government because the appointment of officials to the Cabinet is a precedent that continues to this day.

Samuel Slater establishes the first textile mill, 1790

Samuel Slater brought designs from England's textile machines and started several textile mills in America kick starting American Industry by starting the first manufacturing plant in America.
Samuel Slater: "if I do not make as good of yarn as they do in england, I will have nothing for my services, but will throw the whole of what I have attempted over the bridge".
They are linked with Peopleling and Economy because with the introduction of textile mills more people moved into northern urban cities and the industry in America began and expanded rapidly as more and more manufacturing jobs and factories were created.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
It states the certain unalienable rights guaranteed to all citizens.
Thomas Jefferson: "A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to against every government, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference."
The theme that the Bill of Rights falls under is Freedom because Americans could now enjoy freedoms that were never promised to them before.

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin invention, 1793

The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1973.
This machine revolutionized the speed in which cotton was produced.
Pete Daniel, Breaking the Land (1985): “The cotton gin was such a simple machine that it was endlessly replicated in each settlement as cotton marched west from county to county.”
The cotton gin falls under the theme of technology because the efficiency of producing cotton increased greatly and became the number one cash crop in the South.

Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

The new french government went to war with Great Britain and its allies.
George Washington and Congress established America as being neutral in the conflict.
George Washington at special cabinet meeting: “Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers; I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition”.
America in the World: The Proclamation of Neutrality is a perfect example of George Washington’s foreign policy of staying out of European (and all other) foreign affairs.

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Western Pennsylvanian corn farmers refused to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey.
George Washington sent the state militia under the command of Alexander Hamilton to collapse the rebellion.
It was the first test of Washington’s authority as president.
Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton to Governor Thomas Mifflin of Pennsylvania: “…there is a large & violent Party which can only be controlled by the application of Force – This being the result, it is become the more indispensable & urgent to press forward the forces destined to act against the Insurgents with all possible activity and Energy”.
Economy: exchange/trade - the army was brought in because of the economic problem of the tax on whiskey.

Washingtons Farewell Address

As Washington left office he made American Neutrality one of his top priorities because he was worried America would be dragged into one of their allies wars.
American Presidents followed his advice as best as possible, the hardest being Neutrality, which came into conflict more than once.
Neutrality in America worked well (more or less) because during the World Wars we stayed neutral until something happened the people and president couldn’t ignore.

X, Y, Z Affair

Definition: 1797 US delegates requested to speak with the French Foreign Minister about ending the impressment of US sailors by France and refused to pay the fee just to speak to said minister, US citizens supported this refusal to pay the outrageous bribe.
Charles C. Pinckney, US Foreign Minister to France: “No, no, not a sixpence! Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”.
This affair contributed to the demands of the US population for war with France, leading to undeclared war with France.
America in the World: This foreign diplomatic episode showss a crucial cause of why France and the US became involved in a war with each other because the shocking cost of bribe offended the US whom refused to bow down to France’s wishes.

Alien & Sedition Acts 1798

In 1798, Federalists enacted legislation designed smother immigrant support for the Jeffersonian Republican party and to silence critics.
The Alien Act violated open door hospitality and speedy assimilation by implementing new hurdles to citizenship and granting power to forcibly expel foreigners.
The “lockjaw” Sedition Act violated freedom of the press by broadening power to jail newspaper editors for “scandalous and malicious writing.”
Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison (June 7, 1798): “The Federalists are promoting a sedition bill, which among other enormities, undertakes to make printing certain matters criminal, tho’ one of the amendments to the Constitution has so expressly taken religion, printing presses &c out of their coercion. Indeed this bill and the alien bill are so palpably in the teeth of the Constitution as to show they mean to pay no respect to it”.
Politics and Power: The acts were an indication of the tensions and heated relations between the newly developed political parties.

The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions 1798-1799

The Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions were created in opposition to the Alien & Sedition Laws.
They emphasized the need for balance in the government and questioned who could decide if something was constitutional or not.
Jefferson & Madison asserted that it was the states’ .
Thomas Jefferson: “Every state has a natural right to nullify”.
Related to Politics and Power by deciding who would declare something either constitutional or not.

Election of 1800

The Election of 1800 was the presidential election between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Democratic Republicans) and John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist).
The electoral votes were tied so the election was taken to the House of Representatives, resulting in the election of Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson, Inaugural Address: “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its Republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it”.
Election of 1800 relates to the Politics and Power because the Jefferson didn’t win the election by popular or electoral vote, but from the House of Representatives.

Midnight Judges

The appointment of “Midnight Judges” by president John Adams and the eventual Marbury v. Madison case lead to the establishment of Judicial Review.
John Marshall: “I did not send out the commissions because I apprehended such as were for a fixd time [five years] to be completed when signd & sealed & such as depended on the will of the President might at any time be revokd. To withhold the commission of the Marshal is equal to displacing him which the President I presume has the power to do, but to withhold the commission of the Justices is an act of which I entertaind no suspicion”.
Politics & Power: Executive power is used by John Adams in order to fill courtrooms with Federalist Judges.
The system of checks and balances is reestablished as well with the Court’s ability to declare Acts unjust.

Marbury v. Madison

In this case, judged by the supreme court, it was announced that smaller courts, such as state courts, could disregard a congressional ruling if it conflicted with the constitution.
Chief Justice John Marshall: “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.”
Marbury v. Madison is an example of politics and power because it relates directly to the relationship between the people and federal government, as well as any given state’s judiciary branch.

Louisiana Purchase

Purchase made by Thomas Jefferson of Louisiana in 1803.
It was made to continue United States expansionism.
Thomas Jefferson: “An integral part of the economic life of the age, the greatest colony in the world, the pride of France, and the envy of every imperialist nation. ”.
Environment and Geography- Louisiana was purchased in hopes to dominate and thrive in trade and to expand the United States from sea to shining sea.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

A journey along the Missouri River to document the physical features of the newly acquired area in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase.
Led by Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and four dozen other men.
Meriwether Lewis to Thomas Jefferson in May 1803: “I have at length so far succeeded in making the necessary preparations for my intended journey… all the articles have been procured, or are in such state of forwardness”.
Geography and the environment: The main objective of Lewis and Clark’s expedition was to document the physical features of the newly acquired area and their diaries documenting the physical scenery.

Vice President, Aaron Burr

He was accused of conspiring against the United States in 1807 to construct an Independent Republic after doing General James Wilkinson.
Burr was never convicted because the accusations were never found true, but was still looked upon as a traitor in the publics eye.
Burr also killed Federalist, Alexander Hamilton, during a duel between the two and later fled to Virginia in 1804.
Aaron Burr, during his trial in 1807: “Would to God that I did stand on the same ground with every other man! This is the first time that I have been permitted to enjoy the rights of a citizen”.
Politics and Power: Aaron Burr was a man desiring the power and authority.

Jefferson’s Embargo

The Embargo of 1807 prohibited the leaving of U.S. ships to any foreign port.
It resulted from attempting to prevent bringing the U.S. into another war.
It was economically devastating for the U.S.
Thomas Jefferson: “They are endeavoring to convince England that we suffer more by the embargo than they do, and if they will hold out a while, we must abandon it”.
It fits in the Economy category because it dealt with putting economic limitations on Americans.

War of 1812, 1812-1815

Britain’s continued impressment of ships and blocking of trade in the early 1800s started it.
America fended off the British invasions, but showed the United States they could hold their own against a world power.
A theme that the War of 1812 applies to is Geography because one of the three main reasons James Madison decided to call for war was because of the land that America could potentially benefit from.
President James Madison, November 1812: “To have shrunk, under such circumstances, from manly resistance, would have been a degradation blasting our best and proudest hopes; it would have struck us from the high ranks where the virtuous struggles of our fathers had placed us, and have betrayed the magnificent legacy which we hold in trust for future generations. It would have acknowledged that on the element which forms three-fourths of the globe we inhabit, where all independent nations have equal and common rights, the American people were not an independent people, but colonists and vassals”.

Hartford convention of 1814

The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings held by Federalists to discuss their grievances over the War of 1812.
During the meeting, the succession of New England was discussed.
After Andrew Jackson’s overwhelming victory in New Orleans, this convention was discredited and led to the Federalists being discredited.
Hartford Convention 1814: “Congress shall not have power, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses, to interdict the commercial intercourse between the United States and any foreign nation or the dependencies thereof.”
This fits into the theme of Politics because it led to the decline of a major political party.

Battle of New Orleans

Two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed to end the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson’s forces defeated a large British invasion at New Orleans.
The news of the end of the war had not yet reached Jackson.
ROBERT V. REMINI, The Battle of New Orleans : “It was a battle that changed the course of American history; a battle that convinced Americans they had earned the right to be independent and that their sovereignty would be respected once and for all around the globe; a battle that thundered a once- poor, wretchedly educated orphan boy into the White House”.
Identity: victory sparked a wave of nationalism and confidence in the United States to maintain its newly won independence.

The American System, 1815

Proposed by Henry Clay.
High protective tarrif.
High public land prices to generate more revenue.
Keep bank of U.S.
System of internal improvements.
Al Capone: “This American system of ours, call it Americanism, call it capitalism, call it what you will, gives each and every one of us a great opportunity if we only seize it with both hands and make the most of it.”
Identity: fits theme of nationalism because it balanced out the economy and with the internal improvements, it made transportation easier and therefore people felt closer.

“The Era of Good Feelings” 1815-1824

Declared by the Boston Newspaper President.
Monroe was elected in 1816.
It ended the Federalist Party and began the rising nationalism throughout the country despite the increasing sectionalism issues.
The country became united throughout this era but despite its name, it was not free of social and economical problems.
John C. Calhoun: “Let us, then, bind the republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals. Let us conquer space”.
Political & Peopling: The Supreme Court’s goal was to support the nationalization of the government boosted the people of America became more confident in their country and more unified after the division from the War of 1812.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

The state of Maryland attempted to impose a tax on all bank notes issued by banks chartered outside of Maryland, this was countered by the supreme court and established the use of “implied powers” in the constitution and that states may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power.
General Assembly of Maryland: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has established or shall, without authority from the State first had and obtained establish any branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State, it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in any manner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars, and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper of the following denominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall be upon a stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty cents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents; every fifty dollar note,