History 3rd Quarter Quiz

Propaganda Cartoons
Propaganda cartoons during World War I were political illustrations designed to influence public opinion and build support for the war. Governments and newspapers used exaggerated images, stereotypes, and emotional appeals to encourage enlistment, promote patriotism, and portray the enemy as dangerous or evil. In the United States, these cartoons often emphasized duty, unity, and suspicion of dissent. Because they were simple and visual, propaganda cartoons were powerful tools for shaping how ordinary people understood the war and their role in it.

Wilson Speech
President Woodrow Wilson’s major wartime speech—especially his 1917 address asking Congress to declare war on Germany—framed U.S. involvement in World War I as a moral duty. Wilson argued that America must fight to make the world “safe for democracy,” presenting the war not as conquest but as a defense of democratic values and international law. His speech helped shift public opinion and justified the nation’s entry into the conflict, while also setting the tone for America’s idealistic war aims.

Espionage Act
The Espionage Act of 1917 was a U.S. law passed during World War I to prevent interference with military operations and stop support for America’s enemies. It made it illegal to obstruct recruitment, cause insubordination in the military, or share information that could harm the war effort. Although intended for national security, the law was controversial because it was used to silence critics of the war, raising serious concerns about limits on free speech and civil liberties.

Oliver Wendell Holmes; “Clear and Present Danger”
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes introduced the “clear and present danger” test in a 1919 Supreme Court case to determine when the government could legally limit free speech. He argued that speech could be restricted if it created a real, immediate threat to society—famously comparing it to falsely shouting fire in a crowded theater. This standard allowed the government to punish certain anti-war speech during World War I while still claiming to protect the First Amendment, and it became an important (and debated) principle in free speech law.

Wilson’s 14 Points & Clemenceau Quote
Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918) outlined his vision for a fair and lasting peace after World War I. The plan emphasized self-determination, free trade, open diplomacy, and the creation of a League of Nations to prevent future wars. However, French leader Georges Clemenceau was skeptical of Wilson’s idealism, reportedly quipping that “God gave us the Ten Commandments and we broke them,” implying the Fourteen Points were unrealistic. Their disagreement reflected the broader conflict at the Paris Peace Conference between Wilson’s idealistic peace and European leaders’ desire for harsh punishment of Germany.

Chapter 18 Section 4

1912 Election

The 1912 election shaped the nation’s path by determining the path of the progressive movement. It highlighted two candidates of the progressive party: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt had left the republican party to run as an independent due to a struggle for control between him and president Taft at the national convention. Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” program accepted trusts as ‘a fact of life’, proposed a more powerful federal government + a strong executive to regulate them, favored women and children’s protection in labor force, supported worker’s compensation for those injured on the job, and wanted a federal trade commission to regulate industry in a manner similar to ICC’s authority over railroads. Wilson’s “New Freedom” program wanted to destroy monopolies, gave the federal government too much power, and advocated for free enterprise. Wilson won!

Bull Moose Party

The nickname for the Progressive Party, because Roosevelt declared himself “fit as a bull moose”.

Underwood Tariff

Passed by Wilson, it reduces the average tariff on imported goods to about 30% of the value of the goods, half the tariff rate of the 1980s. It contained the provision for levying income tax, or a direct tax on the earnings of individuals and corporations.

Federal Reserve Act

To restore public confidence in the banking system, Wilson supported a Federal Reserve system. Banks would have to keep a portion of their deposits in a regional reserve bank, which provided a financial cushion for unanticipated losses. The center of the system had a board of governors (appointed by the president) which would set interest rates the banks charged other banks, giving the board the ability to fight inflation by raising interest rates.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Passed by the progressives in Congress, it banned tying agreements, price discrimination, banned giving discounts to chain stores and other retailers who bought a large amount of goods, and declared that unions were not unlawful combinations in restraint of trade. It gave the unions the right to exist.

NAACP

In response to the growing racial violence in the nation, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was initiated, serving causes such as school desegregation, fair housing and employment, voter registration, and equal healthcare and income opportunity.

Chapter 19 Section 1

General John Pershing

In response to guerilla attacks in Columbus, New Mexico, President Wilson sent 6K troupes under General John Pershing to find and capture Pancho Villa (the leader of the group of guerillas). Although a failure, it was critical training ground for WWI.

Balkan Crisis

A crisis that was caused by nationalism, surfaced due to the nations within the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire fighting for independence. The groups consisted of the Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes (Serbs were first to gain independence → Serbia). 

British Blockade

After WWI began, the British deployed their navy to  blockade and  stop Germany from obtaining supplies.

Zimmerman Telegram

German official Arthur Zimmerman was employed to make an offer to Mexico that in the event of war between the United States and Germany, Mexico would ally with Germany. In return, Germany would return Mexico’s lost territories. However, British intelligence intercepted this telegram which enraged the Americans.

Chapter 19 Section 2

Selective Service

Many progressive felt that forced military service was a violation of democratic and republican principles, so they initiated selective service, which required men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft before a random lottery determined the order they’d be called upon a local draft board which decided  whether they’d be registered or exempt to military service.

War Industries Board 

The WIB’s job was to coordinate the production of war materials. Although President Wilson was initially reluctant to give the WIB much authority over the economy, he decided that industrial production needed better coordination. They told manufacturers what they could and couldn’t produce, controlled the flow of raw materials, approved the construction for new factories, and occasionally set prices. Bernard Baruch was appointed to run it.

Committee on Public Information

The government agency had the responsibility of “selling the war” to the community in hopes of swaying public opinion in favor of the war. 

Chapter 19 Section 3

Trench Warfare

A nature of warfare that involved dug out trenches that men would hide in and shoot fire at eachother. One would race across the space in between two trenched called “no man’s land” and throw a grenade to attempt and hurl grenades into enemy trenches.

Bolsheviks

A group of communists competing for power in Russia. Their leader Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Russian Government and created a communist government.

Treaty of Versailles

Under the treaty, Germany had to pay war damages and recognize guilt for the war.

League of Nations

An association of nations that would help preserve peace and prevent future wars by pledging to respect and protect each other's territories and political independence.

Chapter 19 Section 4

Boston Police Strike

75% of the police force walked off the job which resulted in riots and loots everywhere. Calvin Coolidge (Governor of Mass) had to send in the national guard and hire a new police force.

The Red Scare

A nationwide panic sparked from the fear that communists (reds) would seize power.

A. Mitchell Palmer

The United States Attorny General, his home was destroyed by a bomb parcel engineered to explode among opening.