Purposive Communication - Citing Sources

Citing Sources: Purposive Communication

Session Objectives

  • Differentiate between in-text and reference citations.
  • Identify different citation styles.
  • Apply appropriate citation styles.

Purposes for Citing Sources

  • To give credit to the original author.
  • To promote scholarly writing.
  • To help the audience identify the original source.

Forms of Citation

  • In-text Citation: Citing the details of the reference within the work itself.
    • Example (APA style):
      • "Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality's use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002)."
  • Reference Citation: Completing the bibliographic entry of a reference used.
    • Example (APA style):
      • References
        • Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
        • Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.
        • Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.
        • Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 247-276.

Relationship between In-Text and Reference Citations

  • Once a source is cited in-text, it must appear in the reference list. These two forms of citation are dependent on each other.

Style Guides

  • Rules of style and structure.
    • APA: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
    • MLA: The Modern Language Association.
    • IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
    • AMA: American Medical Association Manual of Style.
    • The Chicago Manual of Style.

Style Guide Disciplines

  • APA: Psychology, education, nursing, hotel and restaurant management, business, economics, and other social sciences.
  • MLA: Literature, arts, and humanities.
  • IEEE: Engineering.
  • AMA: Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences.
  • Chicago: Humanities, reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g., newspapers, magazines, journals, among others).

Important Note

  • The guidelines for in-text citation vary depending on the Style Guide used.
  • The focus will be on APA 7th Edition.

Plagiarism

  • Definition: The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

Determining if Citation is Needed

  • Is it common or historical knowledge? If yes, no citation is needed.
  • Is it your idea, words, or image? If yes, no citation is needed.
  • Have you used it in previously submitted work? If yes, cite yourself (check with your lecturer if this is allowed).
  • If the answers to all the above are no, you need to cite it.

APA 7th Edition

  • In-text Citation and Reference

Key Areas in APA 7th Edition

  1. Paper Format
    • Title page setup, fonts, headings, margins, line spacing, sample papers
  2. In-Text Citations
    • Citation formats, paraphrasing, quotation, plagiarism, secondary sources
  3. Tables and Figures
    • Basic setup, titles, notes, use of color, sample tables and figures
  4. References
    • Reference examples, format, databases, DOIs and URLs
  5. Mechanics of Style
    • Punctuation, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations, number usage
  6. Bias-Free Language
    • Age, disability, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, intersectionality, more
  7. Grammar
    • Verb tense, active and passive voice, singular "they," first-person pronouns
  8. Publication Process
    • Journal article reporting standards (JARS), cover letters, submission process

References

  • Found at the END of the work.
  • Includes MORE information: Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of Publication). Title of book (Edition ed.). Publisher/DOI/URL. Hanging Indent

Citations

  • Found at the BODY of the work.
  • Includes SPECIFIC information
    • Parenthetical: (Author’s Last Name, Year of Publication)
    • Narrative: Author’s Last Name (Year of Publication)

Elements of References and Citations

  • author | date | title | source

Author Element

  • ONE AUTHOR
    • REFERENCE: Author, A.A.
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author, date)
      • Narrative: Author (date)
  • TWO AUTHORS
    • REFERENCE: Author, A.A. & Author, B.B.
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author & Author, date)
      • Narrative: Author and Author (date)
  • THREE TO TWENTY AUTHORS
    • REFERENCE: (List all names) Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C.
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author et al., date)
      • Narrative: Author et al. (date)
  • TWENTY-ONE OR MORE AUTHORS
    • REFERENCE: (List 19 names + ellipsis + last name) Author, A.A., Author, B.B.,… & Author, Z.Z.
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author et al., date)
      • Narrative: Author et al. (date)
  • NO AUTHOR
    • REFERENCE: Write the TITLE instead
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Title, date)
      • Narrative: Title (date)

Date Element

  • YEAR ONLY
    • REFERENCE: (2023)
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author et al., 2023)
      • Narrative: Author et al. (2023)
  • YEAR/MONTH/DAY/SEASON
    • REFERENCE: (2023, June 22) / (2023, June) / (2023, Summer)
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author et al., 2023)
      • Narrative: Author et al. (2023)
  • NO DATE
    • REFERENCE: (n.d.)
    • CITATION:
      • Parenthetical: (Author et al., n.d.)
      • Narrative: Author et al. (n.d.)

Title Element

  • CATEGORIES
    • Whole (stand alone): (whole books, literature, films, albums, and works on websites)
    • Part of a Whole: (articles, books, chapters, episodes, and songs)
  • FORMATTING
    • Whole (stand alone): Written in ITALICS and SENTENCE CASE (e.g., Exploring research)
    • Part of a Whole: Written in SENTENCE CASE (e.g., How to write introduction)
  • EXAMPLES
    • Whole (stand alone): Exploring research (3rd ed.)
    • Part of a Whole: How to write introduction (p.203-210).
      *REFERENCE:
      *Write the description of work

Source Element

  • REFERENCE
    • Printed source: Publisher (e.g., Springer).
    • Online Source: DOI/URL (e.g., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25513-8)
  • NO SOURCE: Find another work to use.

Example

  • Author: Smith, T.
  • Date: (2020)
  • Title: The citation manual for students: A quick guide (2nd ed.).
  • Source: Wiley
  • Reference Entry: Smith, T. (2020). The citation manual for students: A quick guide (2nd ed.). Wiley
  • In-Text Citation:
    • Parenthetical: (Smith, 2020)
    • Narrative: Smith (2020)