The faculty of Physical Therapy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, aims to be an outstanding higher education institute.
It seeks to be a catalyst for research and community development.
The goal is to achieve national and international recognition.
Mission
The faculty offers an educational program adopting modern and advanced curricula.
It emphasizes scientific research as a means of learning and development.
The program uses student-centered teaching methods to suit current generations.
The aim is to graduate physiotherapists with skills and competencies to compete in the labor market and serve their community.
Core Values
Student Centered: Focus on the student.
Accountability: Being responsible and answerable for actions.
Credibility: Being trustworthy and reliable.
Institutional Loyalty: Commitment to the institution.
Inclusiveness: Embracing diversity and ensuring everyone is included.
Entrepreneurial Spirit: Having initiative and innovation.
Commitment to Quality: Dedication to high standards.
Osteokinematics
Movement of the bones.
Clear, visible movements of bones.
Result from rotation around the joint axis in a specific plane.
Flexion and extension.
Abduction and adduction.
Lateral and medial rotation.
Arthrokinematics
Roll.
Slide / glide.
Spin.
Arthrokinematics: Movement of Joint's Articular Surfaces
Roll: Rotary movement where one bone rolls on another.
Spin: Rotary movement where one body spins on another.
Slide: Translatory movement where one joint surface slides over another.
Movement Definitions and Analogies
Roll:
Definition: Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface.
Analogy: A tire rotating on pavement.
Slide/Glide:
Definition: A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface.
Analogy: A nonrotating tire skidding across an icy pavement.
Spin:
Definition: A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface.
Analogy: A toy top rotating on one spot on the floor.
Arthrokinematics Value
Roll-and-slide arthrokinematics are essential for full-range abduction.
The longitudinal diameter of the humeral head's articular surface is almost twice the size of the longitudinal diameter on the glenoid fossa.
Abduction arthrokinematics demonstrate how a simultaneous roll and slide allow a larger convex surface to roll over a smaller concave surface without running out of articular surface.
Convex-Concave Relationship / Rule
Convex-on-concave movement:
The convex surface rolls and slides in opposite directions.
Concave-on-convex movement:
The concave surface rolls and slides in the same directions.
Specific Joints Demonstrating the Convex-Concave Rule
Shoulder joint:
Convex-on-concave movement.
The convex surface rolls and slides in opposite directions.
Knee joint:
Concave-on-convex movement.
The concave surface rolls and slides in the same directions.
Osteokinematics vs. Arthrokinematics
Osteokinematics:
Definition: Movement of the bones.
Visibility: Clear movements of bones visible from the outside.
Description: Result from rotation around a joint axis in a specific plane.
Examples: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation.
Arthrokinematics:
Definition: Movement of the joint’s articular surfaces.
Visibility: Not usually visible.
Description: Two rotatory (roll & spin) and one translatory motion (slide).
Examples: Rolling, spinning, and sliding of joint surfaces.
Joint motion is typically described in terms of open kinetic chain unless instructed otherwise.
Hip Osteokinematics
Femoral-on-pelvic osteokinematics:
Describes the rotation of the femur about a relatively fixed pelvis (OKC).
Pelvic-on-femoral hip osteokinematics:
Describes the rotation of the pelvis over relatively fixed femurs (CKC).
Osteokinematic Movements
Movements are:
Flexion (anterior pelvic tilt) and extension (posterior pelvic tilt) in the sagittal plane.
Abduction and adduction in the frontal plane.
Internal and external rotation in the horizontal plane.
Hip Flexion and Extension
Sagittal plane:
With the knee flexed, the hip flexes to about 120 degrees.
With the knee fully extended, hip flexion is limited to 70 to 80 degrees due to hamstring tension.
This difference is due to passive insufficiency.
Hip typically extends about 20 degrees beyond the neutral position.
With the knee fully flexed during hip extension, tension in the rectus femoris reduces hip extension to about the neutral position.
Hip Abduction and Adduction
Frontal Plane:
Abduction: Approximately 40−45 degrees.
Adduction: Approximately 25 degrees.
Hip Internal and External Rotation
Horizontal Plane:
Internal and external rotation vary among individuals.
On average, the hip internally rotates about 35 degrees.
Externally rotates about 45 degrees.
Pelvic Tilting in the Sagittal Plane
Hip flexion can occur through an anterior pelvic tilt.
The direction of the tilt (anterior vs. posterior) is based on the direction of the iliac crest's movement around a medial-lateral axis passing through both femoral heads.
Pelvic Rotation in the Frontal Plane
Abduction of the support hip occurs by raising the iliac crest on the non-support hip side.
Adduction of the support hip occurs by lowering the iliac crest on the non-support hip side.
Pelvic Rotation in the Horizontal Plane
Pelvic-on-femoral rotation occurs in the horizontal plane around a longitudinal axis.
Internal rotation occurs as the iliac crest on the non-support hip side rotates forward.
External rotation occurs as the iliac crest on the non-support hip side rotates backward.
Internal & external rotation include roll & glide.
During internal rotation:
Posterior glide + anterior roll.
During external rotation:
Anterior glide + posterior roll.
Flexion & extension performed by spinning with minimal anterior & posterior glide.
Posterior glide during OKC hip flexion.
Knee Osteokinematics
Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane around a medial-lateral axis of rotation.
140° Flexion.
5° to 10° hyperextension.
Knee Arthrokinematics
During knee flexion and extension, the convex femoral condyles move on the concave tibial condyles or vice versa, depending on whether it is an open- or closed-chain.
Knee extension – OKC.
Squat - CKC.
Femoral Condyle Articular Surface
The articular surface of the femoral medial condyle is longer than that of the lateral condyle (causes spinning of the knee).
During squat, as extension occurs, the articular surface of the femoral lateral condyle is used up, while some articular surface remains on the medial condyle.
Posterior Gliding of Medial Condyle
The medial condyle of the femur must also glide posteriorly to use its entire articular surface.
This posterior gliding during the last few degrees of weight-bearing extension (closed-chain action) causes:
The femur to spin (rotate medially) on the tibia.
Which means the Tibia rotates laterally.
Normal motion of the knee demonstrates a combination of rolling, gliding (posteriorly), and spinning (medially) of the femur in the last 20 degrees of extension of the femur on the tibia (and vice versa for tibia in OKC).
Screw Home Mechanism
During non-weight-bearing extension (open-chain action), the tibia rotates laterally on the femur 20°.
These last few degrees of motion lock the knee in extension.
With the knee fully extended, an individual can stand for a long time by tension generated passively on the ligaments without using muscles.
For knee flexion to occur, the knee must be “unlocked” by medially rotating the tibia on the femur or laterally rotating the femur on the tibia.
This small amount of rotation keeps the knee from being a true hinge joint (modified hinge).
Because this rotation is not an independent motion, it is not considered a knee motion.
Unlocking of the Knee
Function of the popliteus muscle.
Extension of the Knee
During tibial-on-femoral extension, the articular surface of the tibia rolls and slides anteriorly on the femoral condyles.
During femoral-on-tibial extension (standing up from a deep squat), the femoral condyles simultaneously roll anteriorly and slide posteriorly on the articular surface of the tibia.