Comprehensive Periodic Data and Chemical Ion Reference Guide

Transition and Post-Transition Elements

• Group 12 Elements (Volatile Metals)

  • Zinc ($Zn$): Atomic number $30$.
  • Cadmium ($Cd$): Atomic number $48$.
  • Mercury ($Hg$): Atomic number $80$.
  • Copernicium ($Cn$): Atomic number $112$.

• Group 11 Elements (Coinage Metals)

  • Silver ($Ag$): Atomic number $47$.
  • Gold ($Au$): Atomic number $79$.
  • Roentgenium ($Rg$): Atomic number $111$.

• Group 10 Elements

  • Palladium ($Pd$): Atomic number $46$.
  • Darmstadtium ($Ds$): Atomic number $110$.
  • Platinum ($Pt$): Atomic number $78$.

• Group 13 & 14 Elements

  • Thallium ($Tl$): Atomic number $81$.
  • Nihonium ($Nh$): Atomic number $113$.

Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals (Groups 1 and 2)

• Group 1 (Alkali Metals)

  • Rubidium ($Rb$): Atomic number $37$.
  • Cesium ($Cs$): Atomic number $55$.
  • Francium ($Fr$): Atomic number $87$.

• Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)

  • Strontium ($Sr$): Atomic number $38$.
  • Barium ($Ba$): Atomic number $56$. Atomic weight: $137.33$.
  • Radium ($Ra$): Atomic number $88$. Atomic weight: $(226)$. 1st Ionization Energy: $5.2784\,\text{eV}$.

Transition Metal Series (Groups 3 to 9)

• Group 3

  • Yttrium ($Y$): Atomic number $39$.
  • Lanthanum ($La$): Atomic number $57$ (Refer to Lanthanide series).
  • Actinium ($Ac$): Atomic number $89$ (Refer to Actinide series).

• Group 4

  • Zirconium ($Zr$): Atomic number $40$.
  • Hafnium ($Hf$): Atomic number $72$. Atomic weight: $178.49$. 1st Ionization Energy: $6.8251\,\text{eV}$.
  • Rutherfordium ($Rf$): Atomic number $104$. Atomic weight: $(261)$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{14} 6d^2 7s^2$.

• Group 5

  • Niobium ($Nb$): Atomic number $41$.
  • Tantalum ($Ta$): Atomic number $73$. Atomic weight: $180.948$. 1st Ionization Energy: $7.5496\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{14} 5d^3 6s^2$.
  • Dubnium ($Db$): Atomic number $105$. Atomic weight: $(262)$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{14} 6d^3 7s^2$.

• Group 6

  • Molybdenum ($Mo$): Atomic number $42$. Electron Distribution: $(Kr)4d^5 5s^1$.
  • Tungsten ($W$): Atomic number $74$. Atomic weight: $183.84$. 1st Ionization Energy: $7.864\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{14} 5d^4 6s^2$.
  • Seaborgium ($Sg$): Atomic number $106$. Atomic weight: $(266)$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{14} 6d^4 7s^2$.

• Group 7

  • Technetium ($Tc$): Atomic number $43$. Electron Distribution: $(Kr)4d^6 5s^1$.
  • Rhenium ($Re$): Atomic number $75$. 1st Ionization Energy: $7.8335\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{14} 5d^5 6s^2$.
  • Bohrium ($Bh$): Atomic number $107$. Atomic weight: $(264)$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{14} 6d^5 7s^2$.

• Group 8

  • Ruthenium ($Ru$): Atomic number $44$. Electron Distribution: $(Kr)4d^7 5s^1$.
  • Osmium ($Os$): Atomic number $76$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{14} 5d^6 6s^2$.
  • Hassium ($Hs$): Atomic number $108$. Atomic weight: $(277)$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{14} 6d^6 7s^2$.

• Group 9

  • Cobalt ($Co$): Atomic number $27$.
  • Rhodium ($Rh$): Atomic number $45$. Electron Distribution: $(Kr)4d^8 5s^1$.
  • Iridium ($Ir$): Atomic number $77$. 1st Ionization Energy: $8.967\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{14} 5d^7 6s^2$.
  • Meitnerium ($Mt$): Atomic number $109$. Atomic weight: $(268)$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{14} 6d^7 7s^2$.

The Lanthanide Series

• General Characteristics: These elements occupy atomic numbers $57$ through $71$. They are characterized by the filling of the $4f$ orbital.

• Data for Specific Elements:

  • Lanthanum ($La$): Atomic No: $57$. Atomic weight: $138.905$. Oxidation states: $+3$. Melting point ($m.p.$): $920\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Boiling point ($b.p.$): $3454\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Density ($\rho$): $6.16\,\text{g/cm}^3$. 1st Ionization Energy ($I.E.$): $5.5769\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)5d^1 6s^2$.
  • Cerium ($Ce$): Atomic No: $58$. Atomic weight: $140.116$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4$. $m.p. 798\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3424\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 6.77\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.5387\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^1 5d^1 6s^2$.
  • Praseodymium ($Pr$): Atomic No: $59$. Atomic weight: $140.908$. Oxidation state: $+3$. $m.p. 931\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3512\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 6.77\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.473\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^3 6s^2$.
  • Neodymium ($Nd$): Atomic No: $60$. Atomic weight: $144.242$. Oxidation state: $+3$. $m.p. 1010\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3127\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 7.00\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.525\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^4 6s^2$.
  • Promethium ($Pm$): Atomic No: $61$. Atomic weight: $(145)$. Oxidation state: $+3$. $m.p. 1080\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 2460\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 7.22\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.582\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^5 6s^2$.
  • Samarium ($Sm$): Atomic No: $62$. Atomic weight: $150.36$. Oxidation states: $+2, 3$. $m.p. 1072\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 1778\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 7.52\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.6437\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^6 6s^2$.
  • Europium ($Eu$): Atomic No: $63$. Atomic weight: $151.964$. Oxidation states: $+2, 3$. $m.p. 822\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 1527\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 5.244\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.6704\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^7 6s^2$.
  • Gadolinium ($Gd$): Atomic No: $64$. Atomic weight: $157.25$. Oxidation state: $+3$. $m.p. 1313\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3270\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 7.90\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 6.1501\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^7 5d^1 6s^2$.
  • Terbium ($Tb$): Atomic No: $65$. Atomic weight: $158.925$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4$. $m.p. 1356\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3123\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 8.23\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.8639\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^9 6s^2$.
  • Dysprosium ($Dy$): Atomic No: $66$. Atomic weight: $162.50$. Oxidation state: $+3$. $m.p. 1412\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 2562\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 8.55\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.9389\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{10} 6s^2$.
  • Holmium ($Ho$): Atomic No: $67$. Atomic weight: $164.930$. Oxidation state: $+3$. $m.p. 1474\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 2700\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 8.79\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 6.0215\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Xe)4f^{11} 6s^2$.

The Actinide Series (Transuranium Elements)

• General Note on Mass Number: For elements with no stable isotopes or long-lived nuclides, the mass number of the nuclide with the longest confirmed half-life is shown in brackets. However, Thorium ($Th$), Protactinium ($Pa$), and Uranium ($U$) have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus an atomic weight is provided for them.

• Data for Specific Elements:

  • Actinium ($Ac$): Atomic No: $89$. Atomic weight: $(227)$. $m.p. 1050\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3200\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 10.07\,\text{g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.17\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)6d^1 7s^2$.
  • Thorium ($Th$): Atomic No: $90$. Atomic weight: $232.04$. Oxidation state: $+4$. $m.p. 1750\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 4790\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 11.7\text{ g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 6.3067\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)6d^2 7s^2$.
  • Protactinium ($Pa$): Atomic No: $91$. Atomic weight: $231.04$. Oxidation states: $+4, 5$. $m.p. 1600\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 15.4\text{ g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 5.89\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^2 6d^1 7s^2$.
  • Uranium ($U$): Atomic No: $92$. Atomic weight: $238.03$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4, 5, 6$. $m.p. 1132\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3818\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 19.05\text{ g/cm}^3$. $I.E. = 6.1941\,\text{eV}$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^3 6d^1 7s^2$.
  • Neptunium ($Np$): Atomic No: $93$. Atomic weight: $(237)$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4, 5, 6$. $m.p. 640\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3902\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 20.25\text{ g/cm}^3$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^4 6d^1 7s^2$.
  • Plutonium ($Pu$): Atomic No: $94$. Atomic weight: $(244)$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4, 5, 6$. $m.p. 641\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 3232\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 19.84\text{ g/cm}^3$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^6 7s^2$.
  • Americium ($Am$): Atomic No: $95$. Atomic weight: $(243)$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4, 5, 6$. $m.p. 994\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $b.p. 2607\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 13.7\text{ g/cm}^3$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^7 7s^2$.
  • Curium ($Cm$): Atomic No: $96$. Atomic weight: $(247)$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4$. $m.p. 1340\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. $\rho = 13.51\text{ g/cm}^3$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^7 6d^1 7s^2$.
  • Berkelium ($Bk$): Atomic No: $97$. Atomic weight: $(247)$. Oxidation states: $+3, 4$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^9 7s^2$.
  • Californium ($Cf$): Atomic No: $98$. Atomic weight: $(251)$. Oxidation state: $+3$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{10} 7s^2$.
  • Einsteinium ($Es$): Atomic No: $99$. Atomic weight: $(252)$. Oxidation state: $+3$. Electron Distribution: $(Rn)5f^{11} 7s^2$.

Chemical Ions and Charges

Monovalent Anions (Charge: -1)

• Acetate: $C_2H_3O_2^-$
• Aluminate: $AlO_2^-$
• Argenticyanide: $Ag(CN)_2^-$
• Bromide: $Br^-$
• Chlorate: $ClO_3^-$
• Chloride: $Cl^-$
• Cyanate: $CNO^-$
• Cyanide: $CN^-$
• Formate: $HCOO^-$
• Fluoride: $F^-$
• Hydride: $H^-$
• Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate): $HCO_3^-$
• Hydrogen Sulfate (Bisulfate): $HSO_4^-$
• Hydrogen Sulfite (Bisulfite): $HSO_3^-$
• Hydroxide: $OH^-$
• Dihydrogen Phosphate: $H_2PO_4^-$
• Hypobromite: $BrO^-$
• Hypochlorite: $ClO^-$
• Iodate: $IO_3^-$
• Iodide: $I^-$
• Iodite: $IO_2^-$
• Metaborate: $BO_2^-$
• Metaphosphate: $PO_3^-$
• Metarsenite: $AsO_2^-$
• Nitrate: $NO_3^-$
• Nitrite: $NO_2^-$
• Perchlorate: $ClO_4^-$
• Periodate: $IO_4^-$
• Permanganate: $MnO_4^-$
• Thiocyanate: $SCN^-$

Divalent Anions (Charge: -2)

• Carbonate: $CO_3^{2-}$
• Chromate: $CrO_4^{2-}$
• Dichromate: $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$
• Manganate: $MnO_4^{2-}$
• Metasilicate: $SiO_3^{2-}$
• Molybdate: $MoO_4^{2-}$
• Oxalate: $C_2O_4^{2-}$
• Oxide: $O^{2-}$
• Peroxide: $O_2^{2-}$
• Stannate: $SnO_3^{2-}$
• Stannite: $SnO_2^{2-}$
• Sulfate: $SO_4^{2-}$
• Sulfite: $SO_3^{2-}$
• Tetraborate: $B_4O_7^{2-}$
• Tetrathionate: $S_4O_6^{2-}$
• Thiosulfate: $S_2O_3^{2-}$
• Zincate: $ZnO_2^{2-}$
• Plumbite: $PbO_2^{2-}$

Trivalent and Tetravalent Anions (Charge: -3 and -4)

• Trivalent (-3)

  • Aluminate: $AlO_3^{3-}$
  • Arsenate: $AsO_4^{3-}$
  • Arsenite: $AsO_3^{3-}$
  • Bismuthate: $BiO_4^{3-}$
  • Borate: $BO_3^{3-}$
  • Ferricyanide: $Fe(CN)_6^{3-}$
  • Nitride: $N^{3-}$
  • Phosphide: $P^{3-}$
  • Phosphate: $PO_4^{3-}$
  • Phosphite: $PO_3^{3-}$

• Tetravalent (-4)

  • Ferrocyanide: $Fe(CN)_6^{4-}$
  • Orthosilicate: $SiO_4^{4-}$
  • Pyrophosphate: $P_2O_7^{4-}$
  • Silicate: $SiO_4^{4-}$
  • Pyroarsenate: $As_2O_7^{4-}$

Cations (Charge: +1)

• Ammonium: $NH_4^+$
• Copper (I): $Cu^+$
• Hydronium: $H_3O^+$