Digestive System

  • ordPage 1: Medical Terminology of Gastrointestinal System

    • Overview of terminology relevant to the gastrointestinal system.

    Page 2: Learning Points

    • Understand how the digestive system works.

    • Determine root ws, prefixes, and suffixes related to this system.

  • Use terminology relevant to the digestive system for discussing common conditions and diseases.

  • Identify terms for diagnosing gastrointestinal problems.

Page 3: Division of the GI System

Alimentary Canal

  • Definition: Continuous tube-like structure for food movement.

  • Components: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Accessory Organs

  • Definition: Organs contributing digestive juices and enzymes.

  • Components: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Page 4: Role of the Digestive System

  • Function: Breaks down food into tiny particles for digestion and absorption.

  • Purpose: Provides essential nutrients for bodily health, growth, and repair; eliminates undigested food as faeces.

Page 5: Mouth

  • Beginning of the digestive system.

  • Functions:

    • Mechanical grinding of food by teeth.

    • Chemical digestion by saliva produced in salivary glands (using enzymes).

    • Structures involved: Teeth, tongue, palate (chewing and swallowing).

Page 6: Pharynx and Esophagus

Pharynx

  • Description: Muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx.

Esophagus

  • Description: Thin muscular tube (9-10 inches) connecting the mouth to the stomach.

Page 7: Stomach

  • Anatomy: Made of fundus (top), body (middle), antrum (lower).

  • Lining: Known as rugae.

  • Sphincters: Muscles allowing passage to/from stomach (esophageal/cardiac and pyloric sphincters).

Page 8: Small Intestine

  • Also known as: Small bowel.

  • Length: 20 feet, winding from pyloric sphincter to large intestine.

  • Sections:

    • Duodenum: 10 inches, receives chyme from stomach.

    • Jejunum: 8 feet central section.

    • Ileum: 12 feet, ends at large intestine.

Page 9: Large Intestine

  • Also known as: Large bowel.

  • Length: 5 feet, extends from small intestine to end of GI tract.

  • Sections:

    • Cecum

    • Colon

    • Rectum

  • Contains undigested food, primarily fiber.

Page 10: Liver

  • Function: Releases bile into intestines via gallbladder.

  • Role: Bile breaks down lipids (fats and oils).

Page 11: Pancreas

  • Function: Releases enzymes into intestines.

  • Role: Enzymes break down lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Page 12: Gallbladder

  • Function: Stores and concentrates bile prior to its release into the small intestine.

Page 13: Rectum

  • Function: Stores undigested food as faeces.

Page 14: Anus

  • Definition: Exit point of the digestive system, where faeces leave the body.

Page 15: Anus (Repeated)

  • Same definition as above.

Page 16: Word Elements for Ingestion

Combining Forms (CF)

  • Aliment/o: food; nutrient (ex: alimentation).

  • Bucc/o: cheek (ex: buccal).

  • Esophag/o: esophagus (ex: esophageal).

  • Gingiv/o: gum (ex: gingivitis).

  • Or/o: mouth (ex: oral).

Page 17: More Word Elements for Ingestion

Combining Forms (CF)

  • Palat/o: palate (ex: palatoplasty).

  • Pharyng/o: pharynx (ex: pharyngitis).

  • Sial/o: saliva (ex: sialorrhea).

  • Stomat/o: mouth (ex: stomatitis).

Page 18: Main Digestive Organs

Combining Forms (CF)

  • An/o: anus (ex: anal).

  • Cec/o: cecum (ex: cecitis).

  • Col/o: colon (ex: colitis).

  • Duoden/o: duodenum (ex: duodenal).

  • Gastr/o: stomach (ex: gastric).

  • Ile/o: ileum (ex: ileitis).

  • Jejun/o: jejunum (ex: jejunitis).

  • Proct/o: anus/rectum (ex: proctology).

Page 19: Accessory Digestive Organs

Combining Forms (CF)

  • Append/o: appendix (ex: appendectomy).

  • Bil/i: bile (ex: biliary).

  • Chol/e: small intestine (ex: cholecystitis).

  • Hepat/o: liver (ex: hepatomegaly).

  • Pancreat/o: pancreas (ex: pancreatitis).

Page 20: Suffixes

  • Used to describe digestive processes:

    • -emesis: vomiting (ex: hyperemesis).

    • -orexia: appetite (ex: anorexia).

    • -pepsia: digestion (ex: dyspepsia).

Page 21: GI Medical Term Prefixes

  • Exo-: outside.

  • Peri-: surrounding.

  • Re-: back.

  • Retro-: backward.

Page 22: GI Medical Term Root Words

  • Abdomin/o: abdomen.

  • An/o: anus.

  • Bucc/o: cheek.

  • Cec/o: cecum.

  • Esophag/o: esophagus.

Page 23: GI Medical Term Root Words (Continued)

  • Gloss/o: tongue.

  • Hepat/o: liver.

  • Ile/o: ileum.

  • Lip/o: fat/lipids.

  • Stomat/o: mouth.

Page 24: GI Medical Term Root Words (Continued)

  • Rect/o: rectum.

  • Sial/o: saliva.

  • Sigmoid/o: sigmoid colon.

  • Steat/o: fat.

Page 25: GI Medical Term Suffixes

  • -ase: enzyme.

  • -ectomy: surgical removal.

  • -itis: inflammation.

  • -lithiasis: condition of stones.

Page 26: Pathology

Pathologic Conditions

  • Anorexia: lack of appetite.

  • Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix.

  • Cholelithiasis: stone in bile (gallstone condition).

  • Cirrhosis: chronic liver disease leading to cell destruction and jaundice.

  • Colitis: inflammation of the colon.

Page 27: Pathology (Visual)

  • Healthy liver vs. Cirrhotic liver.

Page 28: Procedures

Common Medical Procedures

  • Barium Enema: X-ray post barium administration for rectum/colon analysis.

  • Cholecystography: Recording of the gallbladder.

  • Appendectomy: Surgical removal of appendix.

Page 29: More Procedures

Surgical Procedures

  • Choledocholithotomy: Removal of gallstones through incision of common bile duct.

  • Colectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of colon.

  • Hemorrhoidectomy: Surgical removal of hemorrhoids.

Page 30: Conclusion

  • Summary of the digestive system components and function.