Evo bio Ch 1-5

-theory=system of ideas intended to explain something

-hypothesis=proposed explanation made off of limited evidence that needs further investigation

-data=facts/statistics collected for analysis

-evolution=change in genetic structure of a pop. tht goes beyond lifetime of individual

-darwin explained=how patterns of diversity came

-nicolas steno father of=geology and stratigraphy

-nicolas steno used stratigraphy to=reconstruct the past

-how did carolus linnaeus classify life?=hierarchies

-what were early ideas of evolution?(ET)=earth formed according to laws of physics/chem and life transformed when env. changed

-georges cuvier=discovered extinction thru paleontology

-mary annig discovered=extinct marine reptile fossils

-james hutton="observable processes prod. small changes that accumulate"

-william smith="diff. rock layers contain specific fossils"

-what did complex species come from=microbes

-adaptation occurs thru=inheritance of acquired changes

-buffon(SD)=species arise distinctly and diverse env. give rise to new varieties

-cuvier goes with=extinction

-james hutton said=earth transformed slowly

-william smith made=first geological map

-lamark=adaptation thru inheritance of acquired changes

-darwin collected what in beagle voyage=fossil

-darwin studied what from who=geology; lyell

-uniformitarianism=observable natural processes resp. for past events

-adaptation close to=origin of new species

-descent with modification (AC)=all species share common ancestry and changes occur through natural selection

-homologous trait=similar structure because of common ancestor

-adaptations=traits from natural selection

-lyell said=earth changes slowly

-comparisons between empryos reveal=homologies

-malthus=

-darwin proposed what to explain evolution=natural selection

-alfred russel wallace=independently came up with natural selection

-genetic drift=random changes to gene pool from events

Ch 3

-lord kelvin said=earth was younger than Darwin assumed and he was WRONGG

-radiometric dating estimates earth is how many yrs old=4.6 billion

-fossils allow us to learn about (MBD)=morphology, behavior, and development

-why can't the fossil record ever be complete=because most organisms don't fossilize well

-scanning electron microscopt provides evidence of=cell structure (structure of melanosomes suggests striking plumage)

-cat scans help determine function of=hadrosaur crest

-hadrosaur crest connected to=nasal activity (sound made by blowing air and ears tuned to this frequency)

-soft tissue occasionally=fossilizes (burgess shale)

-biomarker=molec. produced through only biological activity (okenane reveals purple sulfur bacteria 1.64 bil. yrs ago)

-carbon isotope used to=guess diet of early hominins

-history of life revealed by=fossil record

-presence of carbon in early rocks suggest=life

-isotopic signature distingushes from=lifeless carbon sources

-oldest evidence of life dates to=3.7 bya

-oldest stromatalite (bacteria) fossils date to=3.45 bya

-earliest bacteria fossils date to but are abundant by=3.45; 2.6

-earliest archaea fossils date to=3.5 bya

-earliest eukarya fossils date to=1.8 bya

-extant=still alive

-extant organisms provide clues abt=multicellularity

-oldest fossils of multicel. life date back to=2.1 bil. yrs

-earliest algae fossils date back to=1.6 bya

-red algae date back to=1.2 bya

-green algae date back to 750 mya

-transition to multicel. life date back to 2.1 bya

-multicellularity evolved=independently in a number of lineages

-early animal life resemble=sponges

-oldest fossils=650 mya

-earliest animal tracks date to 585 mya

-ediacaran fauna dominated what between when=oceans; 575-535 mya

-current existing lineages recognizable during early=cambrian period

-early cambrian period dates=542-511 mya

-chordates first appear=515 mya

-who colonized terrestrial land first=prok.

-prok. fossils date back to = 2.6 bya

-oldest terrestrial plant date back to= 475 mya

-large forest ecosystems date back to=100 mya

-fungi date back to=mya

-invertebrate trackways date back to=480 mya

-oldest fossil of fully terrestrial animals dates to=428 mya

-oldest vertebrate trackways date to=390 mya

-oldest tetrapod fossils date to 370 mya

-synapsids=have single hole in skull

-mammals evolved from=synapsid organisms

-dominant vertebrates date back=280 mya

-first mammals emerged=150 mya

-mammals diversified after=dinosaurs went extinct (65 mya)

-whales, bats, and primates emerged around=50 mya

-oldest human fossils are around=200,000 yrs old

-birds are descendants of who and dated back=dinosaurs, (150 mya)

-flowerign plants date back=132 mya

-grasses did not diversify until=20 mya

-insects emerged around=400 mya