FA7: Eysenck and Buss

  1. Question 1: The key for Eysenck's theory was that the individual differences in people's personalities were due to?
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • environment.

    • ethnicity.

    • biology.

    • nurture.
      Correct Answer: biology.
      Explanation: Eysenck's theory is fundamentally rooted in the biological basis of personality, suggesting that individual differences stem from physiological variations.

  2. Question 2: Hans J. Eysenck described a trait a
    Points: 0 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • a cluster of surface factors.

    • an environmentally determined hypothetical construct that shapes an individual's behavior and thought.

    • an important semi-permanent personality disposition.

    • a temporary attitude toward a person or event.
      Correct Answer: an important semi-permanent personality disposition.
      Explanation: Eysenck defined traits as enduring, semi-permanent dispositions that contribute to an individual's personality.

  3. Question 3: All of these are criteria for identifying factors according to Eysenck, except ?
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • social relevance.

    • heritability.

    • psychometric evidence.

    • inductive method of investigation.
      Correct Answer: inductive method of investigation.
      Explanation: Eysenck's criteria for identifying factors included psychometric evidence, heritability, and social relevance, but not the inductive method of investigation, which refers to a broad approach rather than a specific criterion for factor identification.

  4. Question 4: Eysenck's three general types or superfactors are
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • pathological factors.

    • surface traits.

    • bipolar factors.

    • unique surface traits.
      Correct Answer: bipolar factors.
      Explanation: Eysenck's three superfactors (extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-stability, psychoticism-superego function) are considered bipolar because they represent opposite ends of a spectrum.

  5. Question 5: Eysenck believed that the primary difference between extraverts and introverts is
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • mother-infant relationships.

    • neuroticism/stability.

    • objectivity/subjectivity.

    • cortical arousal level.
      Correct Answer: cortical arousal level.
      Explanation: Eysenck hypothesized that introverts have naturally higher levels of cortical arousal, leading them to avoid further stimulation, while extraverts have lower arousal levels, prompting them to seek external stimulation.

  6. Question 6: Eysenck believed that introverts are characterized by
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • high sensory thresholds.

    • All of the answers are correct.

    • higher levels of cortical arousal.

    • lower levels of cortical arousal.
      Correct Answer: higher levels of cortical arousal.
      Explanation: As per Eysenck's theory, introverts are characterized by naturally higher baseline levels of cortical arousal.

  7. Question 7: Eysenck claimed that introverted neurotics are characterized by all of the following except
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • hysteria.

    • anxiety.

    • phobias.

    • depression.
      Correct Answer: hysteria.
      Explanation: Introverted neurotics are typically associated with symptoms like anxiety, phobias, and depression, while hysteria is more commonly linked with extroverted neurotics in Eysenck's framework.

  8. Question 8: According to Eysenck, low levels of cortical arousal and high sensory thresholds characterize individuals who score high on the
    scale.
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • introversion

    • neuroticism

    • extraversion

    • psychoticism
      Correct Answer: extraversion
      Explanation: Individuals high in extraversion are theorized to have lower baseline cortical arousal and higher sensory thresholds, leading them to seek out more external stimulation.

  9. Question 9: According to Hans J. Eysenck, which of the following statements is true about people who score high on neuroticism?
    Points: 0 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • They easily return to their normal emotional state after being emotionally aroused.

    • They have higher activation thresholds in the limbic system.

    • They have a tendency to overreact emotionally.

    • They suffer from neurosis.
      Correct Answer: They have a tendency to overreact emotionally.
      Explanation: High neuroticism is characterized by emotional instability, a tendency to overreact to stimuli, and difficulty returning to a normal emotional state after arousal.

  10. Question 10: What is the difference between neuroticism and introversion according to Eysenck?
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • Unlike introversion, neuroticism can be defined by a single syndrome.

    • Neuroticism involves limbic system arousal, while introversion involves cortical arousal.

    • Unlike introversion, neuroticism invariably involves debilitating psychological symptoms.

    • Neuroticism involves a strong hereditary component, while introversion does not have a hereditary component.
      Correct Answer: Neuroticism involves limbic system arousal, while introversion involves cortical arousal.
      Explanation: Eysenck differentiated these two superfactors by their underlying biological mechanisms: introversion/extraversion relates to cortical arousal, whereas neuroticism/stability relates to the activation of the limbic system.

  11. Question 11: Evolutionary psychologists use the term "strategies" to refer to
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • conscious and deliberate plans to achieve goals.

    • complex social behaviors learned through observation.

    • subconscious preferences shaped by evolutionary forces.

    • mathematical calculations used for decision making.
      Correct Answer: subconscious preferences shaped by evolutionary forces.
      Explanation: In evolutionary psychology, "strategies" refer to behavioral or psychological responses that have been shaped over evolutionary time due to their adaptive benefits in survival and reproduction.

  12. Question 12: Maladaptive traits are traits that ?
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • provide a competitive advantage in hostile environments.

    • enhance one’s survival and reproductive success.

    • actively harm one’s chance for survival or decrease one’s sexual attractiveness.

    • neither harm nor benefit the individual.
      Correct Answer: actively harm one’s chance for survival or decrease one’s sexual attractiveness.
      Explanation: Maladaptive traits are those that reduce an individual's fitness, i.e., their chances of survival and reproduction.

  13. Question 13: Nonadaptive sources of individual differences are
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.

    • variations that do not benefit survival or reproductive success.

    • characteristics that are harmful to survival.

    • behavioral traits shaped by cultural influences.
      Correct Answer: variations that do not benefit survival or reproductive success.
      Explanation: Nonadaptive variations are traits that are neutral in terms of their impact on survival and reproductive success, meaning they neither provide an advantage nor a disadvantage.

  14. Question 14: Evolutionary theory of personality's concept of humanity is most surprising because of its stance on
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • biological versus social influence.

    • the uniqueness of an individual.

    • causality versus teleology.

    • the unconscious influences.
      Correct Answer: biological versus social influence.
      Explanation: The evolutionary theory of personality emphasizes the strong biological underpinnings of human behavior and personality, often presenting a perspective that contrasts with purely social or environmental explanations.

  15. Question 15: Evolutionary theory of personality can be considered to rate quite highly as
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • as a guide for practitioners.

    • on the criterion of falsifiability.

    • on internal consistency.

    • on the organization of known knowledge.
      Correct Answer: on the organization of known knowledge.
      Explanation: Evolutionary theory is often praised for its ability to integrate and organize a vast amount of psychological and biological knowledge into a cohesive framework.

  16. Question 16: Which of the following statements is true about David Buss's evolutionary theory of personality?
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • It does not offer explanations for the origins of human thought, behavior, and personality.

    • It says little about how families should raise their children.

    • It sides more with the conscious influences on thought, behavior, and personality than on the unconscious influences.

    • It states that personality variability is not an adaptation.
      Correct Answer: It says little about how families should raise their children.
      Explanation: David Buss's evolutionary theory focuses on the ultimate causes of human psychological mechanisms, providing explanations for the origins of personality traits and behaviors across the species but offering less specific guidance on practical child-rearing strategies.

  17. Question 17: Evolutionary psychology and evolutionary theory of personality have their own scientific society called
    Points: 1 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • the Society of Sociobiologists.

    • Human Behavior and Evolutionary Society.

    • the Evolutionary Society of Frotteurs.

    • Personality and Genetics Society.
      Correct Answer: Human Behavior and Evolutionary Society.
      Explanation: The Human Behavior and Evolutionary Society (HBES) is a prominent academic organization dedicated to the study of human behavior from an evolutionary perspective.

  18. Question 18: When Miguel was an infant, he developed a strong attachment style with his female parent. Whenever his female parent left him alone, Miguel would cry and throw tantrums to stop the female parent from leaving him alone. Now, in his early childhood years, Miguel still continues to display such behavior. Which of the following statements is most likely true about the scenario?
    Points: 0 / 1 point
    Type: Multiple Choice
    Choices:

    • Miguel's female parent has a low level of conscientiousness.

    • Miguel scores high on the behavioral disposition of openness.

    • Miguel scores high on the behavioral disposition of neuroticism.

    • Miguel's dependency on his female parent is an example of early experiential calibration.
      Correct Answer: Miguel's dependency on his female parent is an example of early experiential calibration.
      Explanation: Early experiential calibration refers to how early life experiences can fine-tune or 'calibrate' an individual's behavioral strategies, such as attachment styles or dependency, which then persist into later life stages. This describes Miguel's situation where his early attachment behavior continues.