Lecture 13

Three approaches to love and hate: emotional experiences all people share; individual differences in ability to feel and control such emotions; dynamical phenomena that shape our behavior over time.

Fraud’s theory of Thanatos: all people have a death instinct, drive toward death & self-destructive behaviors, projection of agression, use of defense mechanisms to redirect Thanatos drive towards out-group members.

Jung’s ruling type: shadow + power complex + thinking-extroverted, a person who proceeds for own gain without consideration of others.

Adler and Horney: hostile and hateful personalities develop during childhood.

Adler: focus on early coping & rejection = world inhospitable and hostile.

Horney: children who experience extended time when they do not feel safe repress anxiety and become neurotic, develop neurotic trends.

Neurotic trends: self-protective mechanisms to achieve power & control over others.

Erikson’s view of aggression: emerges during social interactions in early childhood, 3 unsuccessfully resolved psychosocial stages (lack of trust as infant, treated in hostile manner as seeking autonomy, punished initiative & thwarted rather than realistically channeled.

Fromm’s authoritarian personality type: existential, biological, social interaction.

Existential: growing feeling of loneliness & alienation in moder society, surrounding individuality in order to belong to the group.

Biological: cruel penchant for exerting power, abusing and taking others possessions, want to cause the suffering of others.

Social interaction: generated by negative relationship with parents, poor channeling of drives.

Roger’s view of hatred: negative emotions stem from lack of positive regard, grow up anxious, afraid to realize full potential threatened by life experiences, discrepancy between perception of self and life experience.

Maslow’s view of hatred: fear and doubts about self are root of immaturity and hate, unmet safety needs, hatred comes from deficient environment, need structure and regulation along with love and feelings of safety to grow and change.

Allport: hatred and agression are cardinal traits, characteristics which are highly influential in person’s personality and daily actions.

Cattell: factor analysis of agression.

Eysenck: agression related to psychoticism.

Feshbach: empathy inhibits aggressive feelings and behaviors.

Kelly’s cognitive simplicity: people don’t make many distinctions about other people, likely to perceive other people as similar to each others, authoritarian people might dismiss whole groups of people as enemies, hostility results when concept of others is not supported by evidence.

Hate as learned behavior: aggression is acquired through the same mechanisms as all behavior, hateful emotions are conditioned responses, hateful behaviors is modeled, observed, imitated and vicariously reinforced.

Ethnological theories of hate: agression is a product of adaptive evolutionary process, fatalistic view, hatred is inevitable and natural, hatred is innate since aggression was adaptive in the evolution.

Brain disorders and hatred: alcohol and drug induced brain disorders.

Maslow’s b-love: unselfish and cares for the needs of others - more self-actualized and help partners to actialization.

Maslow’s d-love: selfish, needy and immature.

Erich Fromm’s types of love: immature, motherly, brotherly, erotic, mature (brotherly and self-love).

Rollo May types of love: sex(lust), Eros (love-savoring), Philia(brotherly love), agape (unselfish love), authentic love (all types of love).

Romantic attachment styles: secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent.

Secure: easily forms and invited warm close relationships.

Avoidant: feels uncomfortable in close relationships, has trouble trusting others.

Anxious-ambivalent: wants closeness, but feels insecure and pushes others away.

Love explained by evolutionary psychology: developed because of adaptive consequences, attraction to opposite sex necessary for reproduction.

Anxious-ambivalent: wants closeness, but feels insecure and pushes others away.

Love explained by evolutionary psychology: developed because of adaptive consequences, attraction to opposite sex necessary for reproduction.