DC_AP_Fall_Final_Exam_review_2024_1

Major Categories of Tissues in the Human Body

  • Four major types of tissues:

    • Nervous

    • Epithelial

    • Muscular

    • NOT Vascular

Types of Epithelial Tissue

  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Commonly found in glands and their ducts.

  • Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: Rare, typically found in sweat glands.

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium: Facilitates diffusion and filtration.

  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Thick, provides protection.

Basement Membrane

  • Identified as label: B.

Body Cavities

  • Ventral Cavity: Contains all other body cavities (pleural, mediastinum, thoracic).

Membranes

  • Deepest membrane: Visceral Serosa.

Goblet Cells and Secretion

  • Goblet cells produce mucus, found in Columnar Epithelial Tissue.

Sweat Glands

  • Type of sweat glands: Holocrine (entire cells are secreted and replaced by mitosis).

Gland Types

  • Endocrine Glands: Release hormones into surrounding capillaries instead of ducts.

Cellular Processes

  • Mitosis: Division of somatic cells.

  • Transcription: DNA to mRNA copying.

  • Passive Transport: Movement from low to high concentration (not correct).

  • Translation: Creation of an amino acid chain from mRNA.

Types of Epithelial Tissue Continued

  • Tissue that can stretch: Transitional Epithelium (found in urinary bladder).

  • Another type of unidentified tissue from a picture: confirm by option choice.

Anatomical Terms and Planes

  • Slice between eyes downwards: Median/Midsagittal Plane.

Connective Tissue Types

  • Calcified ground substance: Bone.

  • Adipose tissue characterized by: Large droplets of oil in cells.

Skin Layers

  • Correct order of skin layers: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis.

    • Stratum Corneum: 20-30 layers of dead cells regularly shed.

    • Melanocytes: Protect skin from UV radiation.

    • Dermis: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and sweat glands.

Skin Structures and Functions

  • Identify hair structures (i.e., hair shaft).

  • Identify which structure produces Sebum (oil).

  • Layer that attaches skin to muscle/bone: Fatty Connective Tissue (Hypodermis).

  • Dermal Papillae: Responsible for fingerprints.

Skeletal System Functions

  • Functions:

    • Weight bearing

    • Protecting organs

    • NOT conducting impulses.

    • Mineral and fat storage

    • Blood cell manufacturing.

Bone Classifications

  • Irregular shape: Vertebrae.

  • Cartilage layer (end of long bone): Epiphyseal Plate.

  • In compact bone: Haversian Canal houses blood vessels.

Spongy Bone Structure

  • Little beams in spongy bone: Trabeculae.

Rickets and Calcium

  • Rickets occurs due to lack of Hydroxyapatite.

  • Correct order of vertebral column: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx.

Blood Cell Formation

  • Red blood cells formed in: Medullary Cavity.

  • Hormone for calcium storage: Calcitonin.

  • Opposing hormone: PTH (Parathyroid Hormone).

Joint Types

  • Highly movable joint: Synovial.

  • Hip joint classification: Ball & Socket joint.

  • Knee joint classification: Hinge joint.

Anatomical Relationships

  • Ankle is: Distal to knee.

Muscle Tissue

  • Muscle tissue in the digestive system: Smooth Muscle.

  • Muscle cells are made of: Myofibrils.

  • Membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers: Endomysium.

Muscle Contraction Mechanics

  • Calcium channels on axon terminal: Voltage-gated.

  • Sarcomere shortens towards: Z-line.

  • Myosin (thick fiber) attaches to: Actin (thin fiber).

  • Energy source for contraction: ATP.

Muscle Activation

  • Muscle contraction requires Calcium to engage active sites.

  • Blocking molecules: Troponin & Tropomyosin.

  • Cross-bridge action during contraction: Power Stroke.

  • Rigor mortis due to lack of ATP.

Metabolism During Exercise

  • Muscle oxygen deficiency leads to: Anaerobic Respiration.

Muscle Function in Movement

  • Arm muscles during lifting: Biceps Brachii is the Prime Mover, Triceps Brachii is the Antagonist.

  • Muscle origin in trapezius: Origin at vertebrae.