DC_AP_Fall_Final_Exam_review_2024_1

Major Categories of Tissues in the Human Body

• Four major types of tissues:

  • Nervous

  • Epithelial

  • Muscular

  • NOT Vascular

Types of Epithelial Tissue

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Commonly found in glands and their ducts.

• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: Rare, typically found in sweat glands.

• Simple Squamous Epithelium: Facilitates diffusion and filtration.

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Thick, provides protection.

Basement Membrane

• Identified as label: B.

Body Cavities

• Ventral Cavity: Contains all other body cavities (pleural, mediastinum, thoracic).

Membranes

• Deepest membrane: Visceral Serosa.

Goblet Cells and Secretion

• Goblet cells produce mucus, found in Columnar Epithelial Tissue.

Sweat Glands

• Type of sweat glands: Holocrine (entire cells are secreted and replaced by mitosis).

Gland Types

• Endocrine Glands: Release hormones into surrounding capillaries instead of ducts.

Cellular Processes

• Mitosis: Division of somatic cells.

• Transcription: DNA to mRNA copying.

• Passive Transport: Movement from low to high concentration (not correct).

• Translation: Creation of an amino acid chain from mRNA.

Types of Epithelial Tissue Continued

• Tissue that can stretch: Transitional Epithelium (found in urinary bladder).

• Another type of unidentified tissue from a picture: confirm by option choice.

Anatomical Terms and Planes

• Slice between eyes downwards: Median/Midsagittal Plane.

Connective Tissue Types

• Calcified ground substance: Bone.

• Adipose tissue characterized by: Large droplets of oil in cells.

Skin Layers

• Correct order of skin layers: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis.

  • Stratum Corneum: 20-30 layers of dead cells regularly shed.

  • Melanocytes: Protect skin from UV radiation.

  • Dermis: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and sweat glands.

Skin Structures and Functions

• Identify hair structures (i.e., hair shaft).

• Identify which structure produces Sebum (oil).

• Layer that attaches skin to muscle/bone: Fatty Connective Tissue (Hypodermis).

• Dermal Papillae: Responsible for fingerprints.

Skeletal System Functions

• Functions:

  • Weight bearing

  • Protecting organs

  • NOT conducting impulses.

  • Mineral and fat storage

  • Blood cell manufacturing.

Bone Classifications

• Irregular shape: Vertebrae.

• Cartilage layer (end of long bone): Epiphyseal Plate.

• In compact bone: Haversian Canal houses blood vessels.

Spongy Bone Structure

• Little beams in spongy bone: Trabeculae.

Rickets and Calcium

• Rickets occurs due to lack of Hydroxyapatite.

• Correct order of vertebral column: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx.

Blood Cell Formation

• Red blood cells formed in: Medullary Cavity.

• Hormone for calcium storage: Calcitonin.

• Opposing hormone: PTH (Parathyroid Hormone).

Joint Types

• Highly movable joint: Synovial.

• Hip joint classification: Ball & Socket joint.

• Knee joint classification: Hinge joint.

Anatomical Relationships

• Ankle is: Distal to knee.

Muscle Tissue

• Muscle tissue in the digestive system: Smooth Muscle.

• Muscle cells are made of: Myofibrils.

• Membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers: Endomysium.

Muscle Contraction Mechanics

• Calcium channels on axon terminal: Voltage-gated.

• Sarcomere shortens towards: Z-line.

• Myosin (thick fiber) attaches to: Actin (thin fiber).

• Energy source for contraction: ATP.

Muscle Activation

• Muscle contraction requires Calcium to engage active sites.

• Blocking molecules: Troponin & Tropomyosin.

• Cross-bridge action during contraction: Power Stroke.

• Rigor mortis due to lack of ATP.

Metabolism During Exercise

• Muscle oxygen deficiency leads to: Anaerobic Respiration.

Muscle Function in Movement

• Arm muscles during lifting: Biceps Brachii is the Prime Mover, Triceps Brachii is the Antagonist.

• Muscle origin in trapezius: Origin at vertebrae.