Consequences of Industrialization Notes

Rationales of Imperialism

• Focuses on the period between the 1750s and 1900s.

• Includes civilizing mission, mass nationalism, and scientific racism.

• Social Darwinism should NOT be listed as rationale for imperialism; it supports scientific racism.

• Rationales are attempts to logically explain and justify imperialism, framing it as natural and necessary (survival of the fittest).

State Expansion

• Industrialized states adapted imperial models in an industrial capitalist context.

• Expansion occurred through industries, corporations, and multinational companies.

• Colonial relationships were maintained, and industrialization was used to further sponsor industrial growth.

Indigenous Responses

• Includes analysis of war, cultural resistance, etc.

• Categorization of indigenous response types is very important.

• Categories and specific examples of each type of response should be known.

Global Economic Development

• Commercial practices as economic imperialism, e.g., spheres of influence.

Causes for Migration

• Includes job opportunities, freedom to migrate, and coerced migration.

• Coerced migration includes contract labor, indentured servitude, and penal colonies like Australia.

Effects of New Migratory Patterns

• Ethnic and cultural enclaves developed as a result.

• Some states adopted restrictive immigration policies.

Causation in the Imperial Age

• Overview of the unit.

Scientific Racism, Civilizing Mission, and Mass Nationalism

• Social Darwinism supports scientific racism.

• Civilizing mission: Western imperial powers believed it was their duty to civilize so-called uncivilized populations.

• Scientific racism: Used to maintain slavery systems amidst abolitionism debates.

• Mass nationalism: Building a nation based on the premise of racial or cultural superiority.

• Mass nationalism can lead to ultra-nationalism, as seen in World War II.

State Expansion Considerations

• Which states were acting under agendas?

• Which territories did they exploit and how?

• Old Empires: Western European countries

• New Empires: Industrialized states, especially the United States and later Japan.

• China: Lost imperial status and became a territory for exploitation.

• Latin America: Independent but subject to economic imperialism, particularly through U.S. policies like the Monroe Doctrine.

• Africa: Heavily exploited, different from the Transatlantic slave trade.

• Settler colonialism continued but spheres of influence constituted a change.

• Expansion occurred through monopolies, warfare, and settler colonialism.

Indigenous Responses (Effects of Imperialism)

• Examples: Cherokee Nation, Ghost Dance, insurgencies, Trail of Tears *Cultural Preservation:

  • Cherokee Nation adopting European customs but maintaining their cultural identity

• Resistance types: cultural preservation, open warfare, smaller rebellions, or insurgencies.

• Insurgency: Rebellion within a state. Examples include:

  • Battles of Tupacamaro.

  • Caste War of Yucatán.

  • Indian Rebellion of 1857 -> against British Raj and other favoring states.

• Conflicts ranged from violence to peaceful strategies.

• Examples:

  • Nationalism in the Balkans.

  • Sepoy Mutiny in South Asia.

  • Resistance in Australia and Oceania (Maori Wars).

  • African resistance.

Economic Imperialism

• Multinational corporations and global trading markets increased.

• Growth of lines of credit and spheres of influence.

• Displacement of national industries by foreign industries.

• Government favoring foreign investments over local investments.

• Infrastructure improvements to meet economic demands via:

  • Improved supply chains.

  • Key canals (Suez Canal, Panama Canal).

  • Transcontinental telegraph communications.

  • Radio and television.

• Commercial extraction involves basing a territory's commercial activity around extracting and exporting resources.

• Colonies were often turned into extraction economies, exporting raw materials.

• Example:

  • India and Egypt becoming cotton exporters.

• Dependency on empires creates codependency, furthering imperial control.

• Continued use of raw materials.

Trends

• Continued investments in infrastructure.

• Developments in communication and transportation.

• Heavy reliance on agricultural products.

• Exercising commercial extraction.

• Establishing export-based economies, especially in colonies.

Economic Imperialism - Examples & Historical Context:

• Dutch East India Company in Indonesia.

• Cash crop industries in African territories.

• Commercial extraction overall.

• Early 1800s: Continued presence of slavery.

• Abolition:

  • First in Haiti (Saint Domingue).

  • Later in the Americas (1830s-1870s).

• Opium Wars and their outcomes.

• Open Door Policy in relation to the U.S. and China.

• Spheres of influence definitions.

Causes of Migration

• Major waves towards the Americas and Western Europe.

• Influx of immigrants from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

• Reasons include job opportunities and new service industries.

• Examples:

  • Irish migration to the United States.

  • Italian migration to Argentina.

• Coerced migration includes lack of transparency in labor contracts.

• Indentured Servitude versus Contract Labor:

  • Indentured servitude: Ambiguous labor, targeted towards cash crop industries, longer contracts (5-7 years).

  • Contract laborers: Targeted towards infrastructure projects, shorter contracts (2-3 years).

• Cultuurstelsel:

  • Coercive labor system in Southeast Asia and Indonesia by the Dutch.

  • Farmers work on plantations and face punishment for not meeting quotas.

Effects of Migration

• Ethnic and cultural enclaves developed.

• Diffusion of new languages increased, gastronomic overlap and changes in cuisine.

• Discrimination laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act.

• Regulation of immigration.

• Cultural diasporas flourished.

• Cultural dilution occurred, but some countries were less tolerant as a result.

Key Concepts of the Unit

• Industrial capitalism increased manufacturing capacity.

• More resources -> more manufacturing.

• Access to technologies and energy sources -> more innovation.

• Increased demand for natural resources -> Environmental Impacts (water/air pollution, erosion, deforestation).

• Market Saturation:
  * Markets innovate to create new demand in response to saturation.
  * Saturated markets are filled to the point that nothing else can be absorbed.

• Continued economic competition and imperialism with new forms.