Classical Conditioning

Module 19

Learning Definition- relative permanent change in behavior caused by experience 

Classical Conditioning- a type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

Stimulus(anything in the environment that one can respond to)  vs. Response- (any behavior or action)

Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that triggers a response reflexively 

Unconditioned Response- automatic response to the UCS 

Conditioned Stimulus- previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response 

Conditioned Response- response to the CS, it is the same as the UCR

Acquisition- process of developing a learned response/when the CS is paired with the UCS/something neutral becomes conditioned to cause a response 

Extinction- the CS loses its power to trigger a CR/repeatedly present the CS alone

Spontaneous Recovery-return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period/recovered response is weaker/easier to extinguish again

Ivan Pavlov- russian physiologist/studying digestion

Pavlov’s Dogs

Generalization- an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli 

Discrimination- an organism produces different response to two stimuli/examples types of candy/being stung by a buzzing insect

John Watson- founder of behaviorism/criticized psychoanalysis view/behavior based on stimulus in environment, not thoughts in mind 

Little Albert- phobias come from classical conditioning/fear generalized to other white animals

Taste Aversion- biologically predisposed to develop an aversion to the taste of food we ate before getting sick/evolution protection from poisonous food 

Classical Conditioning & Advertising- the brand starts out as being neutral, they want you to learn to associate it with something from the advertisement

Module 20

Operant Conditioning- the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior

The Law of Effect- Edward Thorndike/behavior with favorable consequences will occur more frequently/behavior followed by less favorable consequences will occur less frequently 

Reinforcement Positive- Behavior is followed by a desirable event or state/$ for grades

Negative Reinforcement- behavior ends an undesirable event or state/not having to do a chore because you got an A

Punishment Positive- Behavior followed by an undesirable event-toddler burned by a hot stove

Negative Punishment- Behavior ends a desirable state or event-girl who loses phone fighting with sister

Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcement- immediate is more effective than delayed/with age we learn value of delayed reinforcement

Primary Reinforcement- something naturally rewarding/food/warmth/water

Secondary Reinforcement- something you have learned is rewarding because it has been paired with primary reinforcement(money/grades)

Shaping- a way to establish new behaviors/reinforce behaviors that are increasingly similar to the one you want to occur 

Extinction- loss of a learned response when reinforcement no longer follows it/helpful in changing ineffective behavior 

Continuous Reinforcement- reward follows every correct response-most useful when teaching new behaviors/easy to extinguish

Partial Reinforcement- reward follows only some correct responses/lottery tickets/harder to extinguish

Fixed Partial Interval Reinforcement- rewards only the first correct response after some defined period of time/weekly quiz every Friday/

Variable Partial Interval Reinforcement- rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time/pop quizzes/students must alw study 

Fixed Ratio Partial Reinforcement - reward only after a certain number of correct responses- 1 reinforcement for ever correct 20 responses 

Variable Ratio- Partial- rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses/highest resistance to extinction/lottery tickets, slot machines

Observational Learning- Albert Bandura 

Social Learning Theory- learning without direct experience, by watching and imitating others