Locomotion and Movement Comprehensive Study Notes

Streaming of protoplasm in unicellular organisms like Amoeba is a simple form of (1) ______.
In Paramoecium, cilia assist in the movement of food through the (2) ______ as well as in locomotion.
Hydra uses its (3) ______ for capturing prey and for locomotion.
Voluntary movements that result in a change of place or location are called (4) ______.
All locomotions are movements, but all movements are not (5) ______.

Specialized blood cells like (6) ______ and leucocytes exhibit amoeboid movement.
Amoeboid movement is effected by (7) ______ formed by the streaming of protoplasm.
Coordinated movements of cilia in the (8) ______ help remove dust particles and foreign substances.
Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is facilitated by (9) ______ movement.

Muscle is a specialized tissue of (10) ______ origin, contributing $50\%$ of total body weight in a human adult.
Key properties of muscle tissue include excitability, (11) ______, extensibility, and elasticity.

Skeletal Muscle:
- Closely associated with skeletal components and exhibits a (12) ______ appearance under the microscope.
- Activities are under (13) ______ control of the nervous system.
Visceral Muscle:
- Located in inner walls of hollow visceral organs such as the (14) ______ canal and reproductive tract.
- Smooth in appearance and (15) ______ in regulation.
Cardiac Muscle:
- Muscles of the heart that assemble in a (16) ______ pattern.
- Appearance is (17) ______ and regulation is involuntary.

Muscle bundles (fascicles) are held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called (18) ______.
The plasma membrane enclosing the sarcoplasm of a muscle fibre is called the (19) ______.
Sarcoplasm is a syncytium containing multiple nuclei, and its (20) ______ reticulum acts as a storehouse for calcium ions.
The portion of a myofibril between two successive Z-lines is called a (21) ______.
In a resting state, the central part of the thick filament not overlapped by thin filaments is called the (22) ______.

Each actin filament is made of two filamentous ('F') actins helically wound, which are polymers of monomeric (23) ______ actins.
Two filaments of (24) ______ run close to the 'F' actins along their length.
A complex protein called (25) ______ is distributed at regular intervals on tropomyosin, masking myosin binding sites in the resting state.

Myosin is a polymerized protein composed of monomeric units called (26) ______.
The globular head of heavy meromyosin (HMM) acts as an active (27) ______ enzyme.

A motor neuron along with the muscle fibres connected to it constitutes a (28) ______.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction is (29) ______.
Released $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ binds to a subunit of (30) ______ on actin filaments, unmasking active sites for myosin.
During contraction, the (31) ______ band reduces while the (32) ______ band retains its length.
Repeated activation leads to the accumulation of (33) ______ acid due to anaerobic glycogen breakdown, causing fatigue.
Red muscle fibres contain high amounts of the oxygen-storing pigment (34) ______.

The human skeletal system comprises (35) ______ bones and a few cartilages.
Matrix of bone is hard due to (36) ______ salts, whereas cartilage matrix is pliable due to (37) ______ salts.
Axial skeleton consists of (38) ______ bones, while the appendicular skeleton consists of (39) ______ bones.

Skull

The skull consists of (40) ______ cranial bones and (41) ______ facial bones.
A single U-shaped bone at the base of the buccal cavity is the (42) ______ bone.
The human skull articulates with the vertebral column via two occipital condyles, making it (43) ______.

Vertebral Column

Formed by (44) ______ serially arranged units called vertebrae.
The first vertebra is the (45) ______, which articulates with the occipital condyles.
All mammals almost universally have (46) ______ cervical vertebrae.

Sternum and Ribs

First $7$ pairs of ribs are called (47) ______ ribs.
Rib pairs $8$ , $9$ , and $10$ are called (48) ______ ribs, connecting to the $7\text{th}$ rib via hyaline cartilage.
Rib pairs $11$ and $12$ are ventrally unattached and called (49) ______ ribs.

Limb Bones

The longest bone in the body is the (50) ______.
The knee cap is covered ventrally by a cup-shaped bone called the (51) ______.

Girdles

Scapula has an elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called the (52) ______.
The depression below the acromion that articulates with the head of the humerus is the (53) ______ cavity.
Each coxal bone of the pelvic girdle is formed by the fusion of three bones: ilium, (54) ______, and pubis.
The cavity where the femur articulates in the pelvic girdle is the (55) ______.

Skull bones fuse end-to-end via dense fibrous connective tissue called (56) ______.
Joints between adjacent vertebrae are (57) ______ joints permitting limited movement.
Joints between atlas and axis are an example of a (58) ______ joint.
Joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb is a (59) ______ joint.

(60) ______ is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction leading to paralysis.
Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle due to genetic disorder is called (61) ______.
Rapid spasms in muscle due to low calcium in body fluid is (62) ______.
Age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and decreased estrogen is (63) ______.
Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals is (64) ______.