Exam Study Guide

Vocabulary Definitions

  • Missile: An object that can be thrown.
  • Aquatic: To do with water.
  • Virile: Manly.
  • Manual: Worked by hand.

Prefixes

  • Prefix meaning "towards": accusation, adhere.
  • Prefix meaning "with": corroborate, coconspirator
  • Ineffective: Prefix meaning not.
  • Interception: Prefix meaning into.

Philosophers

  • Pythagoreans: Believed human souls may be reincarnated into animals.
  • Socrates: Being aware of the limits of your knowledge is a sign of wisdom.
  • Epicureans: Pleasure and the absence of pain are the greatest good in life.
  • Stoics: The wise man is free of emotions that disturb the mind, such as desire, delight, fear, and grief.
  • Empedocles: Everything in the universe is made of a combination of the four primary elements: Air, Earth, Water, and Fire.
  • Sophists: Injustice is better than justice, because one can make more money and live a happier life by being dishonest and crooked.
  • Cynics: Eschew all the trappings of human society, as well as comfort, status, and shame. You do not know the truth about a concept until you have perceived its Form. (Plato)

Chapter 3 Vocabulary

  • aqu-: water
  • gener-: race, kind
  • grad-: step
  • jur-: right, law
  • patr-: father
  • sen-: old man
  • serv-: slave
  • tempor-: time
  • verb-: word
  • vir-: man
  • ab-, a-, abs-: away, from
  • ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-: to, towards
  • ambi-: both, on both sides
  • ante-: before
  • circum-: around, about
  • com-, co-, col-, con-, cor-: with, together, thoroughly
  • contra-: against
  • de-: down, away from
  • dis-, di-, dif-: apart, not
  • equi-, equa-: equal
  • ex-, e-, ef-: out of, from, away from
  • extra-: outside, beyond
  • in-, il-, im-, ir-: in, into, on
  • in-, il-, im-, ir-: not, without
  • infra-: below
  • inter-: between, among
  • intra-: inside, within
  • multi-: many
  • non-: not
  • ob-, oc-, of-, op-: towards, against, across
  • per-: through, by, completely, to the bad
  • post-: after, behind
  • pre-: before, in front of
  • pro-: forward, for, on behalf of
  • re-, red-: back, again
  • retro-: backward
  • se-, sed-: apart, without, aside
  • semi-: half, partly
  • sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sus-: under, beneath, secret
  • super-: over, above, beyond
  • trans-, tra-, tran-: across, over
  • ultra-: beyond

Verb Bases

  • ag-, act-: do, act, drive
  • ig-: do, act, drive
  • capt-, cept-, -cieve: take
  • cept-: take
  • -ceive: take
  • -ced, -ceed, cess-: go
  • -cid, cis-: cut, kill
  • dat-, dit-: give
  • fac-, fact-, fect-: make, do
  • leg-, lect-: read
  • -mit, mitt-, miss-: send
  • pon-, pos-, posi-: place, put
  • ven-, vent-: come

Word Building Definitions

  • Philosophy: Love of wisdom (\text{philo-} + \text{soph-})
  • Psychology: Study of the mind (\text{psych-} + \text{-logy})
  • Economics: Study of household or societal management (\text{eco-} + \text{nom-} + \text{-ics})
  • Autonomy: Self-rule (\text{auto-} + \text{nom-})
  • Metaphysics: Study of what’s beyond the physical world (\text{meta-} + \text{phys-} + \text{-ics})
  • Amorphous: Without form (\text{a-} + \text{morph-})
  • Heterodox: Holding different beliefs (\text{hetero-} + \text{dox-})
  • Hypothesis: An underlying idea or assumption (\text{hypo-} + \text{thesis})
  • Agnostic: One who believes knowledge of God is unknowable (\text{a-} + \text{gno-} + \text{-ic})
  • Empathy: Feeling into someone else (\text{em-} + \text{path-})
  • Telepathy: Feeling at a distance (\text{tele-} + \text{path-})
  • Anarchy: No rule/government (\text{an-} + \text{arch-})
  • Epistemology: Study of knowledge (\text{epi-} + \text{stem-} + \text{-logy})
  • Phobia: Condition of fear (\text{phob-} + \text{-ia})
  • Democracy: Rule by the people (\text{demo-} + \text{-cracy})
  • Monopoly: One seller (\text{mono-} + \text{poly-})
  • Theocracy: Rule by divine guidance (\text{theo-} + \text{-cracy})
  • Misology: Hatred of reason or debate (\text{miso-} + \text{-logy})
  • Empirical: Based on experience (\text{empir-} + \text{-ical})
  • Ethics: Study of moral principles (\text{eth-} + \text{-ics})
  • Numismatics: Study of coins (\text{nummus} + \text{-ics})

Origin of Words

  • Autonomy: self-rule (\text{auto-} + \text{-nomy})
  • Monetary: relating to money (\text{Moneta} + \text{-ary})
  • Negotium: business (\text{ne-} + \text{otium})
  • Technology: study of techniques (\text{technē} + \text{-logy})
  • Mechanism: device, tool (\text{mechane})
  • Socius: associate, society (\text{Socius})
  • Collegia: group of people chosen together, guild (\text{con-} + \text{lego})
  • Domus: domain, domestic (\text{Domus})
  • Familia: family (\text{Familia})
  • Servus: servant, service (\text{Servus})
  • Manumission: freeing a slave (\text{manus} + \text{mittere})
  • Latifundia: large Roman estates (\text{latus} + \text{fundus})
  • Pecunia: money (\text{pecu})
  • Naus/Navis: nautical, navy (\text{Naus/Navis})
  • Agora: agoraphobia (\text{Agora})
  • Otium: leisure (\text{Otium})
  • Obverse/Reverse: front/back of coins (\text{ob-} + \text{vers-})

Key Vocabulary

  • Logos: reason, word
  • Psyche: soul, mind
  • Ethos: character
  • Telos: end, purpose
  • Sophia: wisdom

Philosophers

  • Thales: Everything is made of water
  • Anaximander: Natural elements
  • Socrates: "Know what you don’t know” - Ethics, knowledge
  • Plato: Theory of Forms (ideal circle, chair) - Forms, idealism
  • Aristotle: Father of logic, biology, politics - Practical knowledge, science
  • Pythagoras: Everything explained by numbers - Math, reincarnation
  • Zeno (Stoic): Live by reason, not pleasure or pain - Emotions, self-control
  • Epicurus: Gods don’t care, enjoy moderately - Pleasure and no pain
  • Diogenes: Reject wealth/status, live simply - Cynicism

Section 2 Vocabulary

  • Philosophy: love of wisdom (\text{philo} + \text{sophia})
  • Epistemology: study of knowledge (\text{epistēmē})
  • Logic/Logos: reason, word, idea
  • Catharsis: cleansing of emotion (tragedy)
  • Trauma: wound
  • Ego: I, self
  • Hypnosis: sleep (\text{hypnos})
  • Phobia/Philia: irrational fears/loves

Section 3 Common Roots

  • nom: law, manage
  • crat/cracy: rule
  • plut-: wealth
  • arch: rule
  • ag-: drive, lead
  • merc-: trade
  • pecu-: money, property
  • cred-: trust

Section 3 Commerce & Economics-Key Terms

  • Coinage: Started as barter; coins standardized → obols, drachmas, talents
  • Banking (Athens): Trapezoi tables for loans and exchanges
  • Publicani (Rome): Business contractors (like corporations)
  • Collegia: Trade guilds (roots of college)
  • Slavery: Basis of Roman labor (manumission = pathway to freedom)
  • Latifundia: Elite-owned farm estates
  • Pecunia/Pecu: Cattle = money
  • Naus/Navis: Sea trade (Greek and Roman dominance via navy)
  • Panem et circenses: Bread & circuses → keep public peaceful with food and games
  • Technology & Trade: Concrete, roads, aqueducts, large ships, cloaca maxima (sewers)