Respiratory System Study Notes

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe normal function and structure of respiratory system.
  • Identify aging effects on respiratory system.
  • List data for patient care in respiratory disorders.
  • Recognize findings from chest examination techniques.
  • Identify diagnostic tests for respiratory disorders.
  • Plan nursing care for diagnostic tests.
  • Discuss therapeutic measures for respiratory disorders.

Anatomy and Physiology

  • Key structures: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, vocal cords, lungs, bronchial tree, alveoli.
  • Left lung has 2 lobes, right lung has 3 lobes; right lung has higher aspiration risk due to vertical bronchus.
  • Alveoli are structures for gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out).

Respiratory Mechanics

  • Breathing occurs via negative pressure; diaphragm plays a crucial role.
  • Normal breathing is affected by aging, leading to decreased cough strength, alveolar elasticity, and diaphragm atrophy.

Assessment Techniques

  • Importance of listening to all lung fields during assessment.
  • Indicators to observe: symmetry, dyspnea, accessory muscle use, color, respiratory rate/rhythm, chest shape.
  • Signs of respiratory distress: using accessory muscles, rapid breathing, abnormal lung sounds (e.g., wheezes, crackles).

Diagnostic Tests

  • Common tests: CBC, ABGs, D-dimer, cultures, chest x-rays, CT scans, pulmonary function tests, bronchoscopy.

Therapeutic Measures

  • Deep breathing techniques, huff coughing, positioning, oxygen delivery methods:
    • Nasal cannula (up to 6L, use humidification above 2L).
    • Masks (simple, partial rebreather, non-rebreather, Venturi).
  • Techniques like chest physiotherapy to loosen secretions.

Advanced Interventions

  • Tracheostomy and endotracheal tubes for managing airway.
  • Use of CPAP/BiPAP for non-invasive ventilation; monitor patients closely.
  • Ensure proper emergency care if tracheostomy is dislodged.
  • Importance of oral care and preventing VAP in ventilated patients.

Aging Effects on Respiratory System

  • Aging leads to weaker cough reflex, reduced alveolar elasticity, and decreased gas exchange efficiency.